Experimental and numerical studies have been conducted on the effects of bed roughness elements such as cubic and T-section elements that are regularly half-channel arrayed on one side of the river on turbulent flow characteristics and bed erosion downstream of the roughness elements. The experimental study has been done for two types of bed roughness elements (cubic and T-section shape) to study the effect of these elements on the velocity profile downstream the elements with respect to different water flow discharges and water depths. A comparison between the cubic and T-section artificial bed roughness showed that the velocity profile downstream the T-section increased in smooth side from the river and decrease in the rough side from it compared with the case when a cubic artificial bed roughness is used. By comparing the results for the element shapes, it can be notices that the T-section bed roughness element more effective compared to cubic shape for both sides of the channel. The numerical method has been done using Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) method. A validation for the CFD model with the experimental study have been carried out for a specific flow discharge and water depth. The results indicated that the velocity distribution profiles downstream the bed roughness elements in both sides shown very good agreement for manning coefficients between the numerical and experimental studies. The range of errors between the experimental and numerical study have been calculated using Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) approach, which is found that the RMSE is approximately equal to 1 in case of cubic bed roughness and the RMSE is about 1.5 in case of T-section bed roughness for both smooth and rough sides. Furthermore, the influence of the velocity profile and the bed erosion downstream of the T-section element under the effect of tides have been investigated using the CFD method, which is commonly happened in Shat al-Arab south of Iraq. The results show that the tide of the flow has a reverse effect on the velocity profiles for both sides. Since the velocity profile downstream of bed roughness region increase in the rough side and decrease in the smooth side compared with the normal flow of the river.
For many decades, because of the climate change, the interest in water resources management have been increased. The researchers curried out huge efforts to investigate the factors that influence the water resources quantities. Many of these efforts focused on studying the water losses by evapotranspiration. In the current study, a new mathematical model is introduced. It was built based on Multiple linear regression method (MLR). This model was utilized to estimate the daily evapotranspiration in Ramadi city which characterized with arid and semiarid environment and to investigate the influence of different parameters on the evapotranspiration process. The field data were collected from the digital meteorological station at the Upper Euphrates basin Developing Centre during the period from 23/11/2020 to 1/10/2022. These data include the evapotranspiration, maximum temperature, the minimum temperature, the average temperature, wind speed, relative humidity, and solar radiation. The model was calibrated using 80% of the data set, while 20% of the data set were used for validation. The solar radiation shows the highest impact on ET, while the lowest was recorded by relative humidity. High performance of the model was proved by testing it using Performance Indicators such as RMSE, NAE, MAPE, NSE, and R2.
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