In this study, an approach inspired by a standardized calibration method was used to test a laser distance meter (LDM). A laser distance sensor (LDS) was tested with respect to an LDM and then a statistical indicator explained that the former functions in a similar manner as the latter. Also, regression terms were used to estimate the additive error and scale the correction of the sensors. The specified distance was divided into several parts with percent of longest one and observed using two sensors, left and right. These sensors were evaluated by using the regression between the measured and the reference values. The results were computed using MINITAB 17 package software and excel office package. The accuracy of the results in this work was ± 4.4mm + 50.89 ppm and ± 4.96mm + 99.88 ppm for LDS1 and LDS2, respectively, depending on the LDM accuracy which was computed to the full range (100 m). Using these sensors can be very effective for industrial, 3D modeling purposes, and many other applications, especially that it is inexpensive and available in many versions.
The regions around the world need to perform their results based on the local geoid. However, each region has different ground topography based on the amount of gravity in this region. Nowadays, the recent global Earth's gravity model of 2008 is successfully used for different purposes in geosciences research. This research presents an overview of the preliminary evaluation results of the new Earth Gravitation Model (EGM08) in the middle of Iraq. For completeness, the evaluation tests were also performed for EGM96 by examining 31 stations distributed over four Iraqi provinces. The national orthometric heights were compared with the GPS /leveling data obtained from these stations. This study illustrated that the GPS /leveling based on EGM08 data was better than that based on EGM96 data in terms of reducing the root mean square error (RMSE) of the differences between the orthometric heights and GPS/leveling data. The standard deviation (SD) values for the national orthometric heights and GPS heights were about 4 and 26cm, respectively. The results also show that there is a small difference in hight ranged (0.0013 - 0.1333 m) in Karbala, (0.0023 – 0.0062 m), in Najaf and (0.0173 – 0.0703 m), in Babylon. Due to the flat area, better results were obtained in Karbala and Najaf than Babylon. The EGM08 geoid method has shown to yield very close results to reality for various projects, thus its accuracy is acceptable.
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