Soil resistivity depends on many overlapping factors, which influence it in various ways. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of some physical and chemical factors on soil apparent resistivity. The results of field, laboratory, and statistical studies revealed a complex relationship between water content, pH, and salinity with soil apparent resistivity. The results showed that water content had a clear effect on apparent resistivity, as it increased significantly when water content value decreased to less than about 5%. The results also showed that increasing the salinity ratio at the expense of water content led to an increase in the apparent resistivity values. The apparent resistivity values also increased significantly when pH values fell below about 7.7. The increase in air temperature caused an increase in water evaporation from the soil, which led to increasing the apparent resistivity. The rise in air temperature also caused an increase in the concentration of salts at the expense of water content; since salts are considered to be insulators, unless they are dissolved in water, they cause an increase in the value of apparent resistivity.
The study includes the environmental impact of three decades of extraction of Mishraq's Sulphur using offset Wenner measurements by two main methods. The first method is applying 2D resistivity imaging through four lines.Line-1 (800m.length) and line1-1 (99m.length) are situated relatively far from the extraction sites .The results show the resistivity values of subsurface rocks were in agreement with their values calculated from the borehole resistivity logs, which assert the absence of effect for the process of extraction on the rocks at those sites.While Line-2 (800m.length) and line2-1 (99m.length) were fixed near the extraction site. The results obtained show that the resistivity values of most Fat'ha Formation rocks decreased substantially in comparison with those values calculated from the borehole resistivity logs before the process of extraction, which proves the effect of extraction on those rocks.The second method was done by conducting Azimuthal Resistivity Survey in two regions, one (A1) far from the extraction site, and the other (A2) was near from it. The former results have given a good information which helped in determining some directions of the subsurface fractures, while the results of the latter have indicated that the loss of fractures was due to the effect of subsidence following the process of sulphur extraction.
The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) event, which represented a sudden and abnormal rise in temperature during the early Cenozoic Era, is regarded as one of the most important global geologic phenomena. Two important index microfossils (nannoplankton and Ostracoda) were utilised to understand and predict the paleoenvironment and describe the changes during this period. The basis of the study was 12 cutting samples taken from Aaliji and the lower part of Jaddala formations of a subsurface section of (Ba-8) borehole in central Iraq. Some geophysical data were used to determine the upper and lower contacts of the Aaliji Formation and define the shale rate in the studied formations. The micropaleontologic investigation reveals twenty-four nannoplankton species and twenty species belonging to seven genera of Ostracoda. The use of Nannoplankton fossils led to the identification of two types of biozones based on two species belonging to the genus Discoaster, which are ordered from bottom to top as follows; 1- Discoaster nobilis Interval Biozone (CP7) and 2- Discoaster multiraditus Interval Biozone (CP8). The biozones were compared locally and regionally with their equivalent biozones, which deduced the age of the Aaliji Formation as (Late Paleocene-Lower Early Eocene) whereas (Early Eocene) for the studied part of the Jaddala Formation. The determination of the upper and lower boundaries was determined by interpreting the geophysical logs. Ostracoda fossils were used to predict paleoecology and its changes in the area during the PETM episode. The transmutation of nanoplankton fossils from the Paleocene to the Eocene indicates an abnormal rise in global temperatures, flourishing and high diversity of some nanoplankton, such as some species belonging to Discoster, especially those in the CP8 zone.
The research includes subsurface study of Lower part of Fat'ha Formation (productive zone) at Mishraq sulphur field, northern Iraq, before the process of sulphur extraction. The study included the determination of geoelectrical parameters of the zone by mean of analyses to the records of normal resistivity log (N ″ ٦٤ ) of 41 boreholes distributed in the area recorded before sulphur extraction.Comparison between the maps elaborated from the geoelectrical parameters and the maps of lithological variables was carried out to find their relationships using statistical analysis. The study indicated a clear relationship between geoelectrical parameters and structural faults, Data analysis of the resistivity maps show that the dominant factors in the behavior of the geoelectrical parameters of the productive zone is the bituminous content and the transmissivity value, and show no significant effect of sulphur content on the geoelectrical parameters.
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