Background: TB continues to be a major public health problem in Ethiopia, which ranks eighth by estimated number of cases among the 22 TB high-burden countries. The impact of the programme on treatment outcomes and the trend in the service coverage for tuberculosis has not been assessed ever since. The aim of the study was to assess trends in the expansion of DOTS and treatment outcomes for tuberculosis in Gedeo zone, southern Ethiopia.

Dyspepsia is a common symptom of gastrointestinal disease with global distribution. The prevalence of this disorder varies between 3% and 40%. Dyspeptic symptoms account 10% of hospital admissions in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to determine the contributing factors for dyspepsia at Yirga cheffe primary hospital, Southern Ethiopia.: A case control study design was conducted between July 6, 2016 and August 10, 2016 on a total of 168 patients at Yirga cheffe primary hospital, South Ethiopia. The Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) stool antigen test was used to analyze the stool samples and a face to face interview was taken to assess other contributing factors for the infection. Ethical clearance and informed consents was obtained before data collection. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate odds ratio (adjusted with 95% confidence interval) of positive responses to the different risk factors. Comparisons between groups were assessed with chi-square test and a P-value of <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Helicobacter pylori antigen was detected in 13 of the 168. Helicobacter pylori infection was six times more associated with dyspeptic patients than non-Dyspeptic individuals. Anxiety and depression was six and three times more likely associated with dyspepsia, respectively. Although dyspepsia was greater among male, and peaked in the age groups of 21-30 years old, the association was not statistically significant. Moreover, patients who consume foods containing peppercorn ("key wot") have high chance of developing Dyspepsia. Study subjects who depend on untapped drinking water sources, treating their drinking water, smoking habit, chewing khat, washing their hand with soap, and their toilet with flush tank were not significantly associated with dyspepsia (P>0.05). Thus, early diagnosis of H. pylori, psychological treatment of patients and food habit of the individuals should give attention to prevent and control Dyspepsia even though additional studies need to be conducted.

According to the World Health Organization, malaria has been noted for many years in the world causing a life threatening effects. Despite progress in fighting malaria worldwide, the disease kills 236,000-635,000 peoples annually. The objective of this review is to indicate the current situations of malaria on epidemiology, clinical presentations, diagnosis, treatment approach and control strategies, with enumerating the identified challenges. Literatures and available information written on the malaria epidemiology, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and control strategies were reviewed from different electronic archives of institutional websites and databases such as Scopus, HINARI, Pub Med, Scopus, Medline and Google scholar sources. Children less than five years of age living in Sub-Saharan Africa are mainly the affected groups. Although rapid diagnostic and molecular tests for malaria are increasing in prevalence and importance, the standard method for malaria diagnosis in much of the world remains microscopy. As recommended by the World Health Organization, the management of suspected malaria cases relies on early diagnosis and effective treatment based on artemisinin-combined therapy. Likewise, including Ethiopia, most Sub-Saharan African countries with Plasmodium falciparum malaria has adopted artemisinin-combined therapies as a first-line treatment; with Arthemeter Lumefantrine now the first line treatment for uncomplicated falciparum malaria in Ethiopia. In areas where chloroquine is still effective, P. vivax malaria should be treated with this drug. Where resistance to chloroquine has been documented, P. vivax malaria should be treated with an appropriate artemisinin-combined therapy. Most reviews and findings revealed that the control and elimination of malaria require expanded coverage of and access to effective malaria control interventions such as insecticide-treated nets, indoor residual spraying, intermittent preventive treatment, diagnostic testing and appropriate treatment. In malaria endemic areas, parasite resistance to most commonly used anti-malarial drugs, poor community participation, the absence of new technologies for effective control and eradication, difficulties on the diagnostic tools, insecticide resistance in the vector and changing of biting behavior of the vectors are involving problems to eradicate malaria. More operational researches and adapted evaluation methods are needed to better address challenges for malaria control and elimination. In addition, the global malaria community needs to work together, to ensure the early steps towards malaria eradication.

Background: Obstetrics violence is the adverse outcome of maternal and prenatal health. In the study context, there was limited data on obstetrics violence among HIV infected women. Therefore, the aim of this study to assess obstetric violence and its associated factors among HIV-infected women receiving birth at public health facilities in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional base cross-sectional study was conducted from Jan 1-30, 2021 at selected public health facilities in Addis Ababa Ethiopia. Thereafter, all covariates with p-value <0.2 is a cutoff points for bivariate analysis were considered for further multivariate logistic regression. Finally level of stastical significant were declared at p value <0.05. Result: A total of 318 HIV-infected women were participated in this study yielding 100% response rate. All type/form of obstetric violence were reported during the study period. Accordingly, Female birth attendant (AOR= 2.848; 95% CI 1.574, 5.153), women who had three times ANC-visitors (AOR= 2.994; 95% CI 1.390, 6.449), women age >35 years old (AOR= 2.471; 95% CI 1.245, 4.904) and women education primary school (AOR= 2.126; 95% CI 1.084, 4.170) were significantly associated with obstetric violence. Conclusion: This study indicated that the prevalence of obstetric violence among HIV infected women was high. Therefore, to reduce violence during birth care by ensuring clear policies and ethical standards of birth care will be develop and implement and also to rise quality of maternal birth care through an inclusive process by involving the participation all families and stakeholders.

Background Obstetric violence is an emerging health problem in maternal health services utilization. In the study context, there was limited evidence on obstetrics violence. Hence, the aim of this study to assess obstetric violence and its associated factors among HIV-positive women received birth care at public health facilities, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Result A total of 318 HIV-positive women had been participated in this study yielding 100% response rate. In this study 79% of HIV-positive women reported they had been subjected to at least one form of obstetric violence during birth care. The top three reported forms of obstetric violence: 249 (78.3%) failure to get informed consent, 227 (71.4%) unconsented medical procedure, 140 (44%) neglecting to suffer life-threatening complication. In the multivariate logistic regression analysis were identified that Female birth attendants (AOR = 2.848; 95% CI 1.574, 5.153), three times ANC-visitors (AOR = 2.994; 95% CI 1.390, 6.449), age ≥ 35 years old (AOR = 2.471; 95% CI 1.245, 4.904) and primary school attendants (AOR = 2.126; 95% CI 1.084, 4.170) were significantly associated with obstetrics violence. This study identified that high prevalence of obstetric violence among HIV positive women. Hence, mitigation is needed to be undertaken by taking the reported forms of obstetrics violence, socio-demographic and obstetrics variables by ensuring a systematic and strategic intervention for quality birth care utilization through an inclusive involvement of all stakeholders.

Background: Direct sputum smear microscopy is the cornerstone for the diagnosis of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) in resource-poor countries. However, the requirement for repeated visits to submit specimens and receive results is associated with considerable diagnostic delay, work load, patients drop-out and high expenses for patients. Although the World Health Organization (WHO) has recently changed its policy from spot morning spot (SMS) to spot morning (SM), the SM method still involves two days visits for a patient. The aim of this study was to evaluate the yield of first spot double slides smears for the diagnosis of PTB in high TB setting.