The conflict between humans did not stop throughout the ages, and humans have used everything in nature to serve this conflict since the first ages of history, during the First World War when the world witnessed the actual use of chemical weapons, and nuclear weapons during World War II By the United States of America against Japan, which greatly developed a biological warfare program before and during World War II, and a lot of information regarding this program was withheld by an agreement between Japan and the USA after Japan’s defeat in the war. Finally, the countries of the world succeeded in signing a Biological Warfare Convention (BWC) in 1972, and the Ninth Review Conference will be held for this convention during 2021 to discuss its articles and try to develop its mechanisms to prevent the development and use of biological weapons in the conflict between nations. According to the British novelist George Orwell, “Life is a race between education and catastrophe”. As the great development in the field of genetic technologies and the production of vaccines collided with the emergence of new pathogens, the latest of which is the emerging SARS-CoV-2 virus that caused the COVID-19 pandemic around the world, and once again the major countries have been accused by each other of spreading this virus in the world intentionally or by accident. We must carefully examine these allegations before making decisions, because these allegations may have negative repercussions on the future of humanity. Key words: biological, warfare, weapons, BWC, genetic engineering, COVID-19 pandemic
The aim of this study was to prepare Nystatin lozenges (suitable for many age categories, easy to administrate and preferable in many medical cases) using a variety of excipients, then evaluate these formulations In vitro to select the best one for later use to treat Candida Albicans ( the cause of oral candidiasis). Two formulations were prepared, in F1 (only Arabic gum was used) while in F2 (Arabic gum with propylene glycol were used). A comparison was performed to evaluate the two formulations. The results of our comparison indicated that the F2 formula was the best (disintegrating time: 21.37±0.88 min, Td = 40.59 min is the time required to release 63.2% of the Nystatin content). Nystatin is released from the F2 formulation according to zero order kinetics (linearity between the amount of drug released with time).
Background: Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media (CSOM) consider one of the most common otorhinolaryngologic sicknesses in ear, nose, and throat clinics. Swab is routinely done in patients with CSOM for culture and sensitivity. Objectives: Determining the efficacy of Fluoroquinolones in the treatment of chronic suppurative otitis media using two administration methods of Fluoroquinolones and providing a recommendation regarding the indiscriminate use of antibiotics. Methods: This retrospective study involved 70 patients with CSOM. Patients with renal and hepatic failure, pregnancy and lactation and children with CSOM under 12 years old are excluded. Swab taken and C&S done. Results: The distributions of CSOM in patients were highly trending with male gender. Also, more frequent in age category 13 – 20 y, 21 – 45 y, 46 – 70 y, respectively, with main complaint of Recurrent otitis media and Hearing loss. Pseudomonas Aeruginosa was high percentage of Microorganism isolated in swab (85.57%) with approximately (94%) sensitivity to Fluoroquinolones. Conclusions: Our study indicates that Topical Fluoroquinolones (with steroids) is the optimal treatment for chronic suppurative otitis media, so it must be started immediately after diagnosis.
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