BackgroundRecently, there has been an increased interest in the effects of essential oils on athletic performances and other physiological effects. This study aimed to assess the effects of Citrus sinensis flower and Mentha spicata leaves essential oils inhalation in two different groups of athlete male students on their exercise performance and lung function.MethodsTwenty physical education students volunteered to participate in the study. The subjects were randomly assigned into two groups: Mentha spicata and Citrus sinensis (ten participants each). One group was nebulized by Citrus sinensis flower oil and the other by Mentha spicata leaves oil in a concentration of (0.02 ml/kg of body mass) which was mixed with 2 ml of normal saline for 5 min before a 1500 m running tests. Lung function tests were measured using a spirometer for each student pre and post nebulization giving the same running distance pre and post oils inhalation.ResultsA lung function tests showed an improvement on the lung status for the students after inhaling of the oils. Interestingly, there was a significant increase in Forced Expiratory Volume in the first second and Forced Vital Capacity after inhalation for the both oils. Moreover significant reductions in the means of the running time were observed among these two groups. The normal spirometry results were 50 %, while after inhalation with M. spicata oil the ratio were 60 %.ConclusionOur findings support the effectiveness of M. spicata and C. sinensis essential oils on the exercise performance and respiratory function parameters. However, our conclusion and generalisability of our results should be interpreted with caution due to small sample size and lack of control groups, randomization or masking. We recommend further investigations to explain the mechanism of actions for these two essential oils on exercise performance and respiratory parameters.Trial registrationISRCTN10133422, Registered: May 3, 2016.
In this review, we delve into the topic of the pulmonary surfactant (PS) system, which is present in the respiratory system. The total composition of the PS has been presented and explored, from the types of cells involved in its synthesis and secretion, down to the specific building blocks used, such as the various lipid and protein components. The lipid and protein composition varies across species and between individuals, but ultimately produces a PS monolayer with the same role. As such, the composition has been investigated for the ways in which it imposes function and confers peculiar biophysical characteristics to the system as a whole. Moreover, a couple of theories/models that are associated with the functions of PS have been addressed. Finally, molecular dynamic (MD) simulations of pulmonary surfactant have been emphasized to not only showcase various group’s findings, but also to demonstrate the validity and importance that MD simulations can have in future research exploring the PS monolayer system.
Human serum paraoxonase-1 (PON1) is an important hydrolase-type enzyme found in numerous tissues. Notably, it can exist in two isozyme-forms, Q and R, that exhibit different activities. This study presents an in silico (QSAR, Docking, MD and QM/MM) study of a set of compounds on the activity towards the PON1 isoenzymes (QPON1 and RPON1). Different rates of reaction for the Q and R isoenzymes were analyzed by modelling the effect of Q192R mutation on active sites. It was concluded that the Q192R mutation is not even close to the active site, while it is still changing the geometry of it. Using the combined genetic algorithm with multiple linear regression (GA-MLR) technique, several QSAR models were developed and relative activity rates of the isozymes of PON1 explained. From these, two QSAR models were selected, one each for the QPON1 and RPON1. Best selected models are four-variable MLR models for both Q and R isozymes with squared correlation coefficient R2 values of 0.87 and 0.83, respectively. In addition, the applicability domain of the models was analyzed based on the Williams plot. The results were discussed in the light of the main factors that influence the hydrolysis activity of the PON1 isozymes.
The Thirty one of October 2003 is considered an important, historic day of corruption fighting since on that day an agreement on the fighting of corruption in the circles of the United Nations General Assembly was signed. This agreement made several recommendations; one of these recommendations is the commitment of the countries who signed this agreement to have legislative and administrative measures to fight, restrict and eradicate corruption in all its forms. For these recommendations to come into effect, the agreement recommended the need for imposing several punishments on people who are charged of any kind of corruption, finding ways to restrict it and collaborating internationally to achieve this desired goal. It is worth noting that corruption fighting is not a recent issue; it started long time ago and continued along human life. The fact is that corruption fighting is a complicated issue and it negatively affects the social, economic and political aspects of one’s life. There are several cases and different practices of corruption; there are also different patterns of practicing various types of corruption. We can find in the Islamic Law the best evidence of fighting corruption as it appears in the Holy Quran and Al-Sunna (Prophet Mohammad’s traditions). يعتبر يوم 31/10/2003 يوماً تاريخياً ومهماً على صعيد مكافحة الفساد، إذ تم فيه التوقيع على اتفاقية مكافحة الفساد في أروقة الجمعية العامة للأمم المتحدة. وتتضمن تلك الاتفاقية توصيات عدة منها، التزام الدول الموقعة عليها بضرورة وضع تدابير تشريعية وإدارية لمكافحة الفساد بكافة صوره والحد منه واجتثاثه، ولتفعيل تلك التوصيات أوصت الاتفاقية بضرورة النص على عقوبات تفرض على مرتكبي الفساد بكافة أشكاله وأنواعه، والسبل التي تحد من وجوده، وتضافر الجهود والتعاون الدولي للوصول إلى هذا الغرض المنشود. والجدير بالذكر أن مسألة الاهتمام بمكافحة الفساد ليست حديثة النشأة، بل هي قديمة وقائمة وحديثة ومستمرة مع استمرار الحياة البشرية، وحقيقة أنها مسألة صعبة ومؤثرة سلباً في المجال الاجتماعي والاقتصادي والسياسي، وهنالك حالات كثيرة وممارسات مختلفة، وأنماط متعددة تمارس فيها أنواع الفساد، هذا ولنا في الشريعة الإسلامية خير دلائل على مكافحة الفساد في القرآن الكريم أو في السنة النبوية المطهرة.
Cysteinyl‐tRNA synthetase (CysRS) catalyzes the aminoacylation reaction of cysteine to its cognate tRNACys in the first step of protein translation. It is found that CysRS is different from other aaRSs as it transfers cysteine without the need for an editing reaction, which is not applicable in the case of serine despite the similarity in their structures. Surprisingly, the reasons why CysRS has high amino acid specificity are not clear yet. In this research, the binding configurations of Cys‐AMP and its near‐cognate amino acid Ser‐AMP with CysRS are compared by Molecular Dynamics (MD). The results reveal that CysRS screens the substrate Cys‐AMP to a certain extent in the process of combination and recognition, thus providing a guarantee for the high selectivity of the next reaction. While Ser‐AMP is in a folded state in CysRS. In the meanwhile, the interaction between Cys‐AMP and Zn963 in CysRS is much stronger than Ser‐AMP. The substrate‐assisted aminoacylation mechanism in CysRS is also explored by Quantum Mechanics/Molecular Mechanics (QM/MM) modeling. According to the QM/MM potential energies, the energy barrier of TSCys‐AMP is 91.75 kJ/mol, while that of TSSer‐AMP is close to 150 kJ/mol. Based on thermochemistry calculations, it is found that the product of Cys‐AMP is more stable than the reactant. In contrast, Ser‐AMP has a reactant that is more stable than its product. As a result, it reflects that the specificity of CysRS originates from both the kinetic and thermodynamical perspectives of the reaction. Our investigations demonstrate comprehensively on how CysRS recognizes and catalyzes the substrate Cys‐AMP, hoping to provide some guidance for researchers in this area.
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