Twenty cyclamen taxa belonging to the Primulaceae originate from the Mediterranean region and grow under trees and bushes. There are 10 cyclamen species growing naturally in Turkey, five of which are endemic. In this study, intact cyclamen plants were collected from nature with their tubers intact. Collection took place in spring and autumn in Adana, Osmaniye, Kahramanmaraş, İzmir and Eskişehir provinces, 50 samples per location. Sampled plants were propagated and cultivated in Adana. The morphology of four Cyclamen species (C. persicum Mill., C. cilicium Boiss.e.Heldr., C. pseudibericum Hildebr. and C. coum Mill.) was characterized using 1-year-old regenerated plants. A total of 27 phenotypic characters (13 flower, 11 leaf, 2 plant, 1 tuber) were evaluated based on a detailed descriptor's list. In addition to these morphological observations, 13 quantitative traits (7 flower, 5 leaf, 1 tuber) were measured. The measurements related to morphological characteristics had a wide range of variation, including in tuber diameter, leaf length and width, petal length, petal color, and leaf shape, indicating the vast morphological differences among these four cyclamen species. In most cases, the use of principal component analysis confirmed the grouping of characters into species-specific clusters although one or two clusters could not differentiate species, indicating that morphological and cluster analyses alone are not enough for characterizing this complex Cyclamen germplasm and that molecular techniques may reveal more intricate and useful relationships.
In this study, embryo-like structures (ELSs) were induced in four endemic Turkish Cyclamen species (C. cilicium Boiss. et Heldr., C. parviflorum Pobed., C. mirabile Hildebr. and C. pseudibericum Hildebr.) in the presence of 13 combinations of two plant growth regulators (PGRs) (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 6-(c,cdimethylallylamino)purine) and four explant types (ovules, ovaries, leaves and petioles). The ratio of callus induction, different stages of ELS formation and the conversion of ELSs to plantlets were quantified. The most effective explant types for callus induction were leaves (56 % for C. cilicium and 59 % for C. parviflorum) and petioles (80 % for C. mirabile and 100 % for C. pseudibericum). Callus growth from the leaves and petioles of C. cilicium was 30 days earlier than that of C. mirabile and C. pseudibericum. In contrast, most callus formed from the petioles of C. pseudibericum (100 %) in medium with 2.5 mg l -1 2,4-D and 1 mg l -1 2iP. The highest number of ELSs was obtained succesfully from petioles (2.5 mg l -1 2,4-D and 1 mg l -1 2iP) and ovaries (2.5 mg l -1 2,4-D and 0.5 mg l -1 2iP) of C. pseudibericum, in 39 % and as 32 % of explants, respectively. The percentage conversion of ELSs to plantlets was 38, 31, 16 and 15 % for C. mirabile, C. cilicium, C. pseudibericum and C. parviflorum, respectively. The plantlets were successfully acclimatized in the greenhouse with 54, 70, 63 and 25 % of C. cilicium, C. mirabile, C. pseudibericum and C. parviflorum plantlets, respectively surviving after transfer to ex vitro conditions. This paper describes a unique, reliable and consistent protocol for the induction of ELSs from four endangered endemic Turkish Cyclamen species, opening up the possibility of preserving these valuable genetic resources in vitro and also other applied biotechnologies that rely on a stable embryogenic or callus-based protocol.
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Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is one of the most important species in Crocus genus because of its effective usage. It is not only a very expensive spice, but it has also a big ornamental plant potential. Crocus species are propagated by corm and seed, and male sterility is the most important problem of this species. Hence, somatic embryogenesis can be regarded as a strategic tool for the multiplication of saffron plants. In this chapter, the production of saffron corms via somatic embryogenesis is described.
The present study was aimed to examine the effect of applied drought stress using different rates of PEG 6000 (polyethylene glycol) on morphology, stomatal closure, chemical structure, and volatile profile of basil. Expectedly, the highest shoot and root lengths observed at control were 16.2 cm and 15% PEG treatments (7.5 cm), respectively. Stomatal openness apparently closed with an increasing rate of drought.Release of volatile compounds from the basil leaves was increased with the increased rate of the applied drought stress and aroma profile of dominant volatiles. Terpenes were found to be the most abundant chemical group and their concentrations altered significantly with PEG treatments. Methyleugenol was detected as the major terpene in control, and 5% and 10% PEG samples, while linalool was the prominent compound in 15% PEG sample. FTIR spectrum supported the GC results being differentiated significant, especially in the fingerprint region. Novelty Impact Statement:This study is a first proof of the relationship between aroma and drought stress induced by PEG 6000 in Ocimum basilicum. Drought stress simulators such as PEG 6000 showed a significant impact on morphology and aroma compounds. Additionally it is proved that this chemical is not penetrable for the plant and therefore it can be used or controlled as an aroma enhancer.
Lamiaceae family includes annual and perennial 250 genus which are commonly used for their medicinal aromatic properties due to its high biologically active compounds. Lamium garganicum L. subsp. striatum (Sm.) Hayek var. striatum (Telbalıcak) is a member of Lamium genus spread over in Turkey. Lamium species are used for cure since ancient times. Tissue culture provides important advantages for the conservation and sustainability of genetic resources such as clonal and mass production in a limited area. Micropropogation is one of the most significant alternatives for rapid clonal propagation in a short time. In this study, nodes include one or two leaves were placed on MS medium including different levels of BA and GA3 (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5 mg/L) for propagation. The explants regenerated to the shoots with the response of 82.5% and 80% in MS medium including 2 mg/L BA +2 mg/L GA3, 2 mg/L BA +1.5 mg/L GA3 respectively. Rooting experiment was carried on MS medium supplied with 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2 mg/L Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA) for root induction. Maximum root formation was observed as 45% on MS medium including 0.5 mg/L IBA. Plantlets were acclimatized and 80% of the plants are survived after acclimatization.
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