Despite the recent appearance of self-organizing distributed systems for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) and Peer-to-Peer (P2P) networks, specific theoretical aspects of both their properties and the mechanisms used to establish those properties have been largely overlooked. This has left many researchers confused as to what constitutes a self-organizing distributed system and without a vocabulary with which to discuss aspects of these systems. This article introduces an agent-based model of self-organizing MANET and P2P systems and shows how it is realised in three existing network systems. The model is based on concepts such as partial views, evaluation functions, system utility, feedback and decay. We review the three network systems, AntHocNet, SAMPLE, and Freenet, and show how they can achieve high scalability, robustness and adaptability to unpredictable changes in their environment, by using self-organizing mechanisms similar to those found in nature. They are designed to improve their operation in a dynamic, heterogeneous environment, enabling them to often demonstrate superior performance to state of the art distributed systems. This article is also addressed at researchers interested in gaining a general understanding of different mechanisms and properties of self-organization in distributed systems.
In this paper we present MeshCast, a peer-to-peer (p2p) multicast protocol for applications requiring high bandwidth (such as live video streaming) from a server to a large number of receivers. Traditional tree-based approaches to overlay multicast inefficiently utilise the outgoing bandwidth of participating nodes and poorly adapt to node membership churn. In contrast, MeshCast is based on Chainsaw meshbased approach to data delivery that better utilises bandwidth and provides excellent adaptation properties. In this paper we identify properties that enable mesh-based overlay multicast protocols to better utilise the available bandwidth and consequently support higher data stream rates in heterogeneous environments. MeshCast uses a gossip-based algorithm to adapt the overlay to peer heterogeneity, while still preserving the advantages of a mesh-based overlay. Our experiments show that MeshCast can support 68% higher stream rates and provides a 22% improvement in buffering delay over the recently proposed Chainsaw protocol for a heterogeneous node bandwidth distribution.
Abstract-Service-oriented computing is becoming an increasingly popular paradigm for modelling and building distributed systems in heterogeneous, decentralised, and open environments. However, proposed service-oriented architectures are usually based on centralised components, such as service registries or service brokers, that introduce reliability, management, and performance issues. In this paper, we present a fully decentralised service-oriented architecture built on top of a self-organising peer-to-peer infrastructure. This architecture is especially designed to support digital ecosystems due to its low deployment and maintenance cost and inherently decentralised nature.
Abstract-The proliferation of open Internet-scale serviceoriented platforms based on standards, such as WSDL, SOAP and BPEL, enables the composition of independent web services into new value-added services. Such service compositions define the information flows between autonomous and potentially heterogeneous services across the boundaries of independent provider organisations. The availability of individual services in such Digital Ecosystems is likely to be variable due to fluctuating usage load and resource limitations imposed by a service provider's infrastructure. This problem becomes more acute as the number of services in a composition increases. This paper presents a mediation model for improving the availability of composed services. The mediation model masks failures in a service composition by transparently selecting (and executing) an alternative composition at runtime. Service consumers use a common interface to a set of functionally equivalent service compositions while a selection mechanism identifies the most suitable (alternative) service composition. An evaluation of our implementation of the proposed mediation model demonstrates that the consumer perceived availability of value-added services can be improved significantly.
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