Last decades of the past century, as well as the current one, may be characterized by the increase of political role of the movements that are called “the protest parties.” Scholars, journalists and politicians put a lot of attention to that phenomenon. However, it is focused just on selected elements of the problem. Beginning from the 1980s European public opinion may observe the rise and development of groups of ecologists. The unexpected electoral success of the new type of party is called “the New Populism.” Back in the 1990s it caused many concerns, opinions and discussions on the issue whether such parties are harmful for modern and stabilized western European democracies. At the turn of the century the political scene has been dominated by new forms of activity, which are the anti-globalization and alternative globalization movements.
In a dynamically developing scientifi c environment, there is a tendency toward creating mechanisms that objectively evaluate the output of individual scientifi c units. Selected indicators can be applied, inter alia, to work out specifi c criteria for awarding funds for scientifi c research activities. One of the most important indicators used is the impact of researchers' publications, which today determines the overall outcome of the evaluation of a research unit. Th e key question in this context is whether any socio-demographic factors are correlated with the impact of the scholarship work of individual researchers and, if yes, what those indicators are, specifi cally. Th e purpose of this study was to determine the existence and, if confi rmed, the nature of correlation between the impact of researchers' publications and selected socio-demographic factors such as: age, gender and family status. Th e study sample included all the academic employees of the Faculty of Political Sciences and International Studies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, in Toruń (Poland). Th e results demonstrated that the socio-demographic factors considered showed little correlation with publications' impactfulness as measured in the Polish evaluation system of research units.
W ostatnich latach w nauce o polityce coraz więcej uwagi poświęca się kwestiom metodologicznym, nie bez racji przypominając, że o tożsamości i dojrzałości dyscypliny świadczą metody, z jakich ona korzysta. Tymczasem badanie konsekwencji systemów wyborczych bardzo dobrze poddaje się kwantyfi kacji. "Twarde" dane wyborcze (takie jak liczba głosów, mandatów, partii i kandydatów) już na wejściu doskonale nadają się do analiz ilościowych, co dla empirycznie zorientowanej politologii stanowi niebywałą wartość. Co więcej, ponad 60 lat badań w tym obszarze zaowocowało wytworzeniem wielu technik i narzędzi przetwarzania oraz sposobów interpretowania tych danych. Warsztat ten cały czas podlega ewaluacji i ewolucji. Celem tego artykułu będzie krytyczne omówienie najważniejszych podejść metodologicznych i metod badawczych stosowanych do tej pory przy analizach konsekwencji systemów wyborczych. Są one tak różne zarówno pod względem swoich założeń wyjściowych, procedury badawczej oraz sposobu interpretacji wyników, że wydaje się wręcz konieczne ich -ABSTRACT -In recent years, much attention has been paid to methodological issues within the purview of political science, what rightly reminds us that the identity and maturity of a scientifi c discipline is revealed in the methods employed by it. At the same time, the examination of the electoral systems' consequences is easily submitted for quantifi cation. Th e 'hard' election data such as the number of votes and seats as well as the number of political parties and candidates are excellent materials for quantitative analysis, what is of the great value for the empirically oriented political science. Moreover, more than 60 years of research in this fi eld have resulted in the development of various methods, techniques, tools and interpretative approaches towards aforementioned data. Th ese methodological achievements continuously undergo the process of evaluation and evolution. Th e aim of this paper is to present and discuss, in a critical way, the most important research methods and methodological approaches that have until now been used to study the consequences of electoral systems. Th ese methods and
Introduction. Combat sports, even though they are associated with aggressive behavior, but athletes often train how to control emotions and aggression. Thus aggression level can be one of the selection criteria for combat sports. Material and methods. The study analyzed the value of the 2D:4D ratio and the level of aggression in 102 athletes in selected combat sports: kyokushin karate (20), ITF taekwondo (22), kickboxing (19), wrestling (21), and judo (20). Furthermore, the study evaluated a control group of 76 men who did not engage in competitive sports training. Results. The athletes practicing combat sports displayed a higher 2D:4D ratio than the persons from the control group. On the other hand, the study observed significant differences (p<0.05) in the 2D:4D ratio values within the experimental group between karate and taekwondo fighters and the rest of the athletes. Conclusions. The 2D:4D ratio is a good tool that may be useful during the selection of combat sport athletes by providing indirect information about the level of testosterone during the fetal period. Combat sports, through training, have a positive impact on their practitioners, allowing the athletes to improve the control over their emotions and know themselves better, which results in reduced aggressiveness and anger towards other people.
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