Dynamic covalent chemistry is a powerful tool for the construction of adaptive and stimulus-responsive nanosystems. Here we report on the spontaneous formation of dynamic covalent wormlike micelles from imine-based gemini surfactants, formed upon mixing aqueous solutions of two complementary non-surface-active precursors. Resulting from the reversibility of the dynamic covalent imine bond, the wormlike micelles can be switched between an isotropic solution and the assembled state, triggered by pH and temperature. Thermodynamic modeling of the reaction equilibria shows that, although mixtures of single- and double-tailed surfactants are formed, it is mainly the double-tailed surfactant that assembles into the wormlike micelles.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the applicability of a relatively simple model which is based on energy conservation for model predictions as part of smart control of thermal and electric storage. The paper reviews commonly used predictive models. Model predictions of charging and discharging cycles are compared with experimental data of a domestic hot water thermal storage and lead acid batteries.