The current study examined the association between the social media application Instagram and its users’ psychological well-being. Participants, both Instagram users and non-users, were surveyed online on measures of depression, anxiety, loneliness, self-esteem, body image, and social comparison. Participants who reported having an Instagram account were also asked about their time spent on Instagram and Instagram anxiety. To understand the association between Instagram and psychological well-being, the study’s first aim was to compare participants who had an Instagram account with those who did not have one. Results revealed that participants with the application reported lower levels of anxiety, depression, and loneliness, and higher levels of self-esteem, than participants who did not have an account. Furthermore, loneliness and self-esteem mediated the association between having an Instagram account and depression and anxiety. The second aim of the study was to examine what factors are associated with Instagram users’ reports of anxiety and depression, focusing specifically on participants who reported having an Instagram account. Results revealed that anxiety and depression were predicted by Instagram anxiety and social comparison, respectively. Overall, these results show that Instagram is associated with psychological well-being. However, when Instagram users experience Instagram anxiety or engage in social comparison, it is associated with poorer psychological outcomes. This research provides an insight into the psychological impact that Instagram can have on its users.

The Sport-Clinical Intake Protocol (SCIP) was developed to provide clinical professionals with extensive information about the athletic client's life within and outside of sport. The SCIP is divided into 7 sections that represent important areas of an athlete's life that the professional must assess: (a) the presenting problem, (b) life and athletic history, (c) social support, (d) health status, (e) important life events, (f) changes prior to the onset of the presenting problem, and (g) details of the presenting problem. The value of the SCIP lies in its ability to provide detailed sport-specific and general information about the athletic client, thereby enabling the professional to make an appropriate conceptualization and develop an effective treatment plan.The interview is the most important tool used by the clinical psychologist to gain knowledge of the client and the nature of the presenting problem (Bernstein & Nietzel, 1980). Determining the client's mental status and eliciting his or her life history depend on a perceptively guided interview (Cormier & Cormier, 1991). In addition, the professional's judgments regarding diagnosis and prognosis also are based largely on interview data. Finally, the knowledge gleaned from these data should lead to formulation of treatment objectives and strategies that are relevant and appropriate (Bernstein & Nietzel, 1980).Recent trends in clinical interviewing indicate that the development of many specialty areas in psychology will result in professionals needing to focus on the issues most relevant to the particular problems or needs of target populations. This notion is reflected in interviews that have been developed for the evaluation of specific psychopathologies, for example, affective disorders (Flaherty & Gaviria, 1989), substance abuse (Craig, 1989), eating disorders (Marshall, 1989, personality disorders (Widiger & Frances, 1987), child and adolescent abuse (White, Strom, Santilli, & Halpin, 1986), and attentional deficit disorders (Phelan, 1989). Interviews have also been developed that focus on particular clinical issues, such as forensics (Blau, 1984) and suicide potential (Yufit, 1989). In sum, there is an increasing realization that specific data are important for understanding particular problems.The examples above illustrate how assessment, diagnosis, and treatment are global functions that may be enhanced by JIM TAYLOR received his PhD from the University of Colorado, Boulder in 1985. He is currently an associate professor in the School of Psychology at Nova University in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. In addition to his teaching and research responsibilities, Dr. Taylor works extensively with junior-elite, collegiate, world-class, and professional athletes. BARRY SCHNEIDER received his PhD from Columbia University in 1979. He is currently an associate professor in the School of Psychology at Nova University in Ft. Lauderdale, Florida, where he also is director of Nova University's Student Counseling Services.

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Electronic supplementary material is available online at https://dx. Animal sociality is of significant interest to evolutionary and behavioural ecologists, with efforts focused on the patterns, causes and fitness outcomes of social preference. However, individual social patterns are the consequence of both attraction to (preference for) and avoidance of conspecifics. Despite this, social avoidance has received far less attention than social preference. Here, we detail the necessary steps to generate a spatially explicit, iterative null model which can be used to identify non-random social avoidance in longitudinal studies of social animals. We specifically identify and detail parameters which will influence the validity of the model. To test the usability of this model, we applied it to two longitudinal studies of social animals (Eastern water dragons (Intellegama lesueurii) and bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)) to identify the presence of social avoidances. Using this model allowed us to identify the presence of social avoidances in both species. We hope that the framework presented here inspires interest in addressing this critical gap in our understanding of animal sociality, in turn allowing for a more holistic understanding of social interactions, relationships and structure.

Normative test data for a 38-year-old and for a 74-year-old were obtained for the Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery, the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised, and the Wechsler Memory Scale. These test protocols were presented for blind interpretation to a random sample of psychologists specializing in neuropsychology. Test results for the "average" elderly person were interpreted as normal less frequently (42%) than results for the "average" younger adult (93%). The elderly person's test results also received higher impairment ratings and were frequently interpreted as reflecting dementia (23%). Subject's level of confidence with decisions made did not have an impact on accuracy rates. In addition, personal, training, and professional variables were not significantly related to judgment accuracy. The results suggest a tendency for misinterpretation of normal elderly persons' test performance.Neuropsychological assessment is commonly used to differentiate the effects of normal aging from those of cerebral pathology. This objective is ideally accomplished by comparing an elderly patient's test results with norms developed from the data from both normal and pathologically impaired elderly subjects. A difficulty that can arise in evaluating the elderly, however, is that test results of an older person may be compared with norms obtained from a sample of younger adults (Albert, 1981;Heaton, Grant, & Matthews, 1991). The use of such norms can result in incorrect interpretations of test findings and lead to inappropriate recommendations for an elderly patient. For example, several studies have shown that a large percentage of normal elderly subjects are misclassified as brain damaged when standard adult norms are used (