Scar formation is a consequence of wound healing that developed from damaged tissue either from physical injury or surgical incision. A hypertrophic scar develops due to an abnormal healing response to trauma. It might lead to serious functional and cosmetic disability. There are numerous methods mentioned in the literature to treat such scars but to date, no single method has been known to cure them. In this review, we focused on differences between various types of nonsurgical management of hypertrophic scar focusing on the indication, mechanism of action, and efficacy of the pulsed dye laser (PDL), fractional carbon dioxide laser (fCO2), Er-YAG laser, and intense pulse light (IPL). The literature research included peer-reviewed articles (clinical trials or scientific reviews) which were identified by searching electronic databases like PubMed till January 2021 and reference lists of respective articles. Only articles published in the English language were included.
Boolean algebra is a set of rules, laws, and theorems by which logical operations can be expressed mathematically. In its application one has to reduce a particular expression to its simplest form. Karnaugh map and Quine McCluskey (Q-M) method are the systematic approach for simplifying and manipulating Boolean expressions. In this paper a simpler approach to minimize logical functions is introduced which will be followed by prime implicant chart as in the Q-M method to reduce the possibility of occurring an error. With this approach the number of gates required to realize a function gets reduced to a great extent with minimum effort as the manipulation is totally based on decimal values. This technique can be used to any number of variables to improve the performance of presently existing methods.
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