Floating garbage in a filtration system is one of the main factors causing many problems in engineering structures because the accumulation of garbage can block the flow rate. The bar screen installed in a water channel is used to catch the garbage, but the main threat when installing a bar screen in a water channel (intakes) is that system can lead to headloss and disturb (block) fluid flow occurrence. However, there is no concern about the effect of garbage level on the bar screen to head losses and water discharge; for the filtration system, the main concern is discharge. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the effect of garbage level on bar screens to head losses and water discharge by the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. Based on the results, the CFD method is capable of predicting the headloss and discharge for the filtration system in the channel. However, the headloss that occurred was insignificant (as still normal) and can reduce the water discharge from the inlet by more than 45%. Then, water energy dissipation due to the narrowing of the flow field consequence of the blockade of garbage. Then, estimating discharge in a filtration system connected to the high seas requires tidal analysis because tides affect the headloss and the water discharge. Further, the headloss is directly proportional to the flow speed and the channel's width.
Chain–submerged scrapper conveyor bottom ash handling in the petrochemical industry has failed several times and was repaired with AISI 420, which can only operate for three months. AISI 420 is recommended in applications requiring moderate corrosion resistance, high hardness, excellent wear resistance, and good edge retention in cutting surfaces. The initial cracks and fractures occur in the pin-link joint hole, which causes chain failure. Some evaluation has been performed for both as-received and failed links. It can be concluded that chain link failure occurs due to fatigue failure with low-stress levels. Microstructure observation, XRD, and hardness properties showed no significant difference in both as-received and failed links. Since the operating conditions of the chain are in a corrosive environment, experiencing dynamic loading and working temperatures between 23 ºC and 60 ºC, the selection of HSL materials such as AISI 4140 should be considered.
This paper shows experimental study results on the thermophysical and stability of nanofluids of Titanium oxide (TiO2) dispersed in high-purity of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO). Nanofluid samples that functioned as a lubricant were prepared by a two-step preparation method at different volume fractions (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 vol.%) and different temperatures (28, 40, and 100°C). The dynamic viscosity and density were performed using Falling Ball Viscometer and Pycnometer, respectively. The sedimentation photograph method using a digital camera was applied to analyze the stability. A maximum dynamic viscosity enhancement of 62.78% was recorded for TiO2/VCO nanofluid with 0.5% nanoparticle volume fraction and at the temperature of 100°C). Whereas, the highest density improvement was recorded for TiO2/VCO nanofluid with 0.5% nanoparticle volume fraction. Freshly prepared nanofluids did not show any significant change in stability. However, a trivial phase separation appeared in the samples after 8 days. The results indicated that adding TiO2 nanoparticles increased the dynamic viscosity and density. It can be concluded that the volume in fraction has the effect to enhance the thermophysical stability of TiO2/VCO nanofluids.
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