We examine the impact of temporal variation on adaptive evolution in "sink" environments, where a species encounters conditions outside its niche. Sink populations persist because of recurrent immigration from sources. Prior studies have highlighted the importance of demographic constraints on adaptive evolution in sinks and revealed that adaptation is less likely in harsher sinks. We examine two complementary models of population and evolutionary dynamics in sinks: a continuous-state quantitative-genetics model and an individual-based model. In the former, genetic variance is fixed; in the latter, genetic variance varies because of mutation, drift, and sampling. In both models, a population in a constant harsh sink environment can exist in alternative states: local maladaptation (phenotype comparable to immigrants from the source) or adaptation (phenotype near the local optimum). Temporal variation permits transitions between these states. We show that moderate amounts of temporal variation can facilitate adaptive evolution in sinks, permitting niche evolution, particularly for slow or autocorrelated variation. Such patterns of temporal variation may particularly pertain to sinks caused by biotic interactions (e.g., predation). Our results are relevant to the evolutionary dynamics of species' ranges, the fate of exotic invasive species, and the evolutionary emergence of infectious diseases into novel hosts.
In his 1955 essay “On Social Plays,” Arthur Miller wrote of the “subjective forces that made [Eddie Carbone, the central figure in A View From the Bridge] what he evidently is” by referring to the “incestuous motif [and the] homosexuality” in the play (81). Critics have since disputed Eddie's psychological motivation for betraying the immigrants under his care in light of both incestuous and queer interpretations of the text. In this essay, I return to Myles Hurd's comparative readings of the biblical narrative of Lot and Bridge in order to frame the play not as a critique of sexual repression but as a critique of Eddie's misplaced sexual authority. By reconsidering the story of Lot as a criticism of sexual violence rather than homosexuality, I argue that Miller demonstrates how sexual oppression is never unilateral, but ultimately systemic and cyclical. This means that while Eddie initially asserts his abusive authority only over his niece, he must eventually extend that authority over his wife, Beatrice, his wife's relatives, and his own neighbors.
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