original articleT h e ne w e ngl a nd jou r na l o f m e dic i ne n engl j med 354;20 www.nejm

Caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity improves the rate of survival without neurodevelopmental disability at 18 to 21 months in infants with very low birth weight. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00182312 [ClinicalTrials.gov].).

In extremely-low-birth-weight infants, prophylaxis with indomethacin does not improve the rate of survival without neurosensory impairment at 18 months, despite the fact that it reduces the frequency of patent ductus arteriosus and severe periventricular and intraventricular hemorrhage.

for the Canadian Oxygen Trial (COT) Group E XTREMELY PRETERM INFANTS are monitored with pulse oximeters for several weeks after birth because they may require supplemental oxygen intermittently or continuously. The goal of oxygen therapy is to deliver sufficient oxygen to the tissues while minimizing oxygen toxicity and oxidative stress. It remains uncertain what values of arterial oxygen saturations achieve this balance in immature infants, who are especially vulnerable to the harmful effects of oxygen. 1-7 Oxygen therapy for preterm infants was introduced in the 1940s. In the 1950s, after approximately 10 000 preterm children had been blinded, randomized trials confirmed that liberal oxygen therapy may cause retinopathy of prematurity. 8 In the 1960s, oxygen therapy was restricted and many nurseries adopted arbitrary upper limits for Author Affiliations are listed at the end of this article.

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; for the Canadian Oxygen Trial Investigators IMPORTANCE Extremely preterm infants may experience intermittent hypoxemia or bradycardia for many weeks after birth. The prognosis of these events is uncertain. OBJECTIVE To determine the association between intermittent hypoxemia or bradycardia and late death or disability. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Post hoc analysis of data from the inception cohort assembled for the Canadian Oxygen Trial in 25 hospitals in Canada,

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Rationale: Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is the most common morbidity of prematurity, but the validity and utility of commonly used definitions have been questioned. Objectives:To compare three commonly used definitions of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in a contemporary prospective, multicenter observational cohort of extremely preterm infants.