Resumo -Caesalpinia pyramidalis é uma espécie endêmica da Caatinga, conhecida popularmente como catingueira, que possui ampla utilização pelas populações locais, principalmente por suas propriedades madeireiras, medicinais e forrageiras. Este trabalho objetivou estudar os efeitos dos tipos e concentrações de reguladores de crescimento vegetal sobre a multiplicação in vitro de C. pyramidalis. No primeiro experimento, segmentos nodais foram inoculados em meio contendo diferentes combinações (0,0-8,0 µM) de BAP e de ANA. No segundo experimento, segmentos nodais foram inoculados em meio contendo diferentes tipos (KIN, BAP e TDZ) e diferentes concentrações (0,0-16 µM) de citocininas. Utilizou-se o meio de cultura WPM suplementado com 87,64 mM de sacarose e solidificado com 7,0 g L -1 de ágar. Após 45 dias registrou-se o maior número de brotos, número de folhas, comprimento da parte aérea e matéria seca da parte aérea em meio de cultura isento de regulador de crescimento vegetal. Palavras-chave adicionais: cultivo in vitro, organogênese, reguladores de crescimento vegetal.Abstract (In vitro multiplication of Caesalpinia pyramidalis (Leguminosae)) -Caesalpinia pyramidalis is a species endemic to the Caatinga and known popularly as catingueira, which is widely used by local people, mainly for its timber and medicinal and fodder properties. This study investigated the effects of different types and concentrations of plant growth regulators on the in vitro multiplication of C. pyramidalis.In the first experiment, nodal segments were inoculated in media containing different combinations (0.0-8.0 µM) of BAP and NAA. In the second experiment, nodal segments were inoculated in media containing different types (KIN, BAP and TDZ) and concentrations (0.0-16μM) of cytokinins. We used a WPM medium supplemented with 87.64 mM sucrose and solidified with 7.0 g L -1 agar. After 45 days, the highest number of shoots, leaf number, shoot length and dry mass of shoots were obtained when nodal segments were inoculated into a culture medium without plant growth regulators. Additional key words: in vitro culture, organogenesis, plant growth regulators.
ResumoCampos rupestres constituem uma vegetação típica de montanhas da Cadeia do Espinhaço e com elevado grau de endemismo de plantas, contendo algumas áreas com histórico de perturbações por garimpo e pisoteio. O presente estudo foca em duas perguntas principais: 1) Campos rupestres que foram perturbados pelo garimpo há cerca de 15 anos atrás possuem composição florística e estrutura similares a áreas sem perturbação? 2) A riqueza e abundância de espécies exóticas invasoras e de espécies nativas de ampla distribuição tendem a ser mais elevadas nessas áreas garimpadas ou pisoteadas? Quatro campos rupestres foram amostrados em Igatu, Andaraí, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brasil: dois onde a atividade de garimpo cessou há 15 anos, um sob perturbação atual por pisoteio, mas sem histórico de garimpo e outro em uma área conservada (vegetação amostrada por 16 parcelas de 10x10 m, quatro em cada área). A distribuição geográfica das espécies foram determinadas com base na literatura e análises de classificação e ordenação foram feitas. A composição florística dos campos rupestres foi afetada pelas perturbações, mas apenas a perturbação por garimpo teve efeito marcante sobre a estrutura da vegetação. Espécies de ampla distribuição mais generalistas e a espécie invasora Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv. foram restritas às áreas perturbadas, mostrando a necessidade de monitoramento de espécies invasoras nas áreas garimpadas do Parque Nacional da Chapada Diamantina. Palavras-chave: Chapada Diamantina; conservação da biodiversidade; espécie ruderal; perturbação; regeneração vegetal AbstractThe rupestrian grasslands vegetation occurs at the mountaintops of the Espinhaço Range harboring high number of endemic plant species. Despite its importance, some areas of rupestrian grasslands are under anthropogenic disturbance due to mining and trampling. The present study had two main questions: 1) Are the floristic composition and structure of rupestrian grasslands in areas impacted by mining similar to areas not subjected to mining? Are there tendencies to increase the abundances of exotic invasive and wild widespread plant species in areas impacted by mining or trampling? To evaluate our questions we sampled four rocky grasslands in Igatu, Andaraí, Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil: two areas where the mining activities stopped 15 years ago, one area under current disturbance due to trampling, but without mining historic, and a fourth area which is well conserved. The vegetation was sampled in 16 10x10 m plots, four in each site. The geographic distribution of each species was defined based in the literature. Cluster and ordination analysis were performed. We conclude that the floristic composition of the sites was affected by previous and current disturbances, but only the mining disturbance had strong effect in vegetation structure, with the conserved area harboring a great part of the Brazilian endemic species. The exotic and invasive plant Melinis minutiflora P.Beauv. occurred only at the disturbed sites, mainly in the mined sites, st...
During wine production, a large amount of waste (grape pomace) is generated, corresponding to about 31.7 kg per 100 L produced. This material is considered a rich source of bioactive compounds and therefore is of interest to several industries. However, grape pomace is susceptible to microbial degradation due to its high moisture content; thus, drying is frequently considered to be an essential process for grape pomace conservation and stabilization. Drying allows for a better conservation, easier storage due to the lower volume and improves product stability. However, drying conditions such as temperature and time may affect grape pomace bioactive potential. As drying requires a high energy consumption, an alternative for reducing the energy costs is the use of intermittent operation—i.e., operating with transient inputs of air conditions, such as the supply temperature. Intermittent drying, in addition to promoting lower energy consumption, also enables less damage to heat-sensitive materials. Thus, in the present work modeling of the drying process of grape skins from red wine grape pomace was performed at temperatures of 40, 55 and 70 °C, for drying in both the conventional and in the intermittent modes with tempering periods of 5 and 10 min. Moreover, total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids and antioxidant activity (DPPH and reducing power assays) were determined by spectrophotometric methods before and after the drying process at the proposed conditions. Modeling results for conventional operation showed that, among the eight models tested for the conventional drying, the one that best suited the experimental data was the approximation of diffusion model. For the intermittent drying operation, equations were deduced based on mass and energy balance that led to a fit with a maximum global deviation of 10% in comparison to experimental data. After extracting the same amount of sample (fresh and after different drying processes) with hydroethanolic solution (80%, v/v), results expressed in dry basis of grape pomace samples showed that conventional drying had the highest impact on lowering the content of bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity. Among the drying conditions assayed, the one that allowed the highest amounts of bioactive compounds to be maintained was the 5 min tempering period performed at 40 °C, corresponding to losses of 20.6% and 14.5% for total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids, respectively, when compared to the grape pomace sample before drying (162 mg gallic acid equivalents/g pomace, dry weight and 82 mg catechin equivalents/g pomace, d.w.). The present work showed that intermittent drying can provide grape pomace samples with higher contents of bioactive compounds and higher antioxidant activity when compared to conventional drying performed at the same temperature. Moreover, it provided information regarding the application of mathematical modeling to grape pomace drying, showing that these models can be applied to drying optimization studies.
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