While the impact of sexual harassment in the workplace has been well documented, little sexual harassment research has been conducted focusing on the women who work in the sport industry. This study explored the extent to which female sport print media professionals (i.e., sports editors, sportswriters, sports columnists) were subjected to sexually harassing behaviors in the workplace. Of the women who participated in the study (N= 112), over half of the participants indicated that they had encountered some form of sexual harassment over the 12 months before participating in the study. The perpetrators included their immediate supervisors, coworkers, members of the sport media, athletes, and employees of sport organizations. The study also identified the forms of sexual harassment encountered and attitudes toward harassment in the workplace. Suggestions on how to prevent harassment toward women in the sport industry are discussed.
The purpose of this research is to analyze the history of the litigation and other important developments that have taken place since the enactment of Title IX in 1972. By understanding this history, and the significant developments that have taken place along the way, practitioners, scholars and athletic participants can better understand the various ways that Title IX impacts athletics. METHODOLOGY Research for this study was conducted on the Westlaw and Lexis/Nexis legal research databases in order to ensure that the results found were the most complete possible. 4 In addition, because Westlaw and Lexis/Nexis do not carry the same cases, it was important to conduct research on both systems in order to ensure that the results were as complete as possible. Research was conducted in four distinct steps. Step One The first step involved general research for cases involving Title IX on comprehensive case search databases. On Westlaw, this initial search was conducted in the "All State and Federal Cases" database "ALLCASES." On Lexis/Nexis, this initial search was conducted in the "Federal and State Cases, Combined" database. Both of these databases provide comprehensive access to all of the cases contained on each search engine. Each initial search was done using terms and connectors searching with the specific terms-"Title IX" or "Education Amendments" or "20 U.S.C. §1681." The "or" connector was specifically selected so that cases would be found containing any of the terms individually or containing any combinations of the terms. Each search was done for each individual year by specifying inclusive yearlong date ranges (e.g. from 1//1/1972 to 12/31/1972) to ensure that no cases were missed. Finally, the case results were separated by year and put into initial tables. Overall, at this step there were over 1000 cases initially collected.
The purpose of this study was to examine issues related to female representation within the governance structure of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA). A descriptive statistics approach through the lens of feminism was taken in collecting and analyzing data related to the gender representation of staff leadership positions within the NCAA national office and gender representation within the NCAA Division I, II, and III governance structure. This was coupled with a review of NCAA programming initiatives related to leadership opportunities. Although a number of strategies are being implemented by the NCAA to provide greater access and leadership opportunities for women (e.g., diversity initiatives, Senior Woman Administrator legislation, and guaranteed representation on committees), women continue to be underrepresented within NCAA governance substructures and upper leadership levels within the NCAA national office. In addition, nongender neutral sport governance policies still exist that impede the progress of achieving gender equality.
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