a b s t r a c tInnate immune responses are tightly regulated to avoid excessive activation and subsequent inflammatory damage to the host, and interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays a crucial role in preventing inflammation. Stefin B (cystatin B) is an endogenous inhibitor of cysteine proteinases. In stefin B-deficient bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs), we detected an increase in the induction of the LPS-induced pro-inflammatory signal nitric oxide (NO) but decreased IL-10 expression. The phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAP-kinases was significantly decreased in stefin B-deficient macrophages, as was STAT-3 phosphorylation. These findings show that stefin B influences the expression of anti-inflammatory IL-10 in response to the TLR4 agonist LPS.