Mechanical site preparation (MSP) is commonly used to enable forest regeneration of clear-cuts. Less intense methods may be more suitable from an environmental point of view, but such a method can result in the lack of natural regeneration. We compare the influence of three MSP methods on natural regeneration of Scots pine. The methods differ in their degree of soil disturbance. The effects of MSP by forest plough (FP), active plough (AP), and forest cutter (FC) on density, quality, and biometric parameters of one-year old seedlings were determined. The highest density of seedlings was obtained in the FP treatment (188,000 seedlings ha ). The best quality seedlings were found in the FC variant, and the worst -in the FP treatment. Most biometric parameters of seedlings did not differ by MSP method, except for the root length and root:shoot ratio. By the end of growing season, in the FP treatment, 1-year old seedlings formed a top bud more than twice as often as the seedlings from the AP and FC treatments. The FP method led to the best Scots pine natural regeneration. The results obtained in the FC variant were not as good as in the FP method, though they were still acceptable from the silvicultural point of view. The FC method was the least intensive method of site preparation, yet it is considered the most appropriate from the environmental (soil protection) point of view.

Podstawowym celem artykułu jest zwrócenie uwagi na wciąż niedocenianą w Polsce metodę badania zjawisk komunikacyjnych za pomocą tak zwanej krytycznej analizy dyskursu, której głównym reprezentantem i orędownikiem jest holenderski badacz Teun van Dijk, założyciel takich periodyków międzynarodowych jak “Text” oraz “Discourse and Society”. Zadaniem artykułu jest nie tylko syntetyczne przedstawienie głównych metodologicznych założeń CDA (Critical Discourse Analysis), lecz także osadzenie jej w szerszym kontekście teoretycznym, wykorzystując współczesną myśl socjologiczną trzech wybranych autorów – Jűrgena Habermasa, Pierre’a Bourdieu oraz Michela Foucault, którzy problematykę dyskursu sytuują w centrum swych teoretycznych rozważań. Nacisk położony więc został na teoretyczny wymiar problematyki, bowiem w przypadku badań jakościowych, teoria sprzęgnięta jest szczególnie mocno z procedurami badawczymi. Ponadto, dodatkowym celem artykułu jest skrótowe omówienie zastosowania omawianej metody do badań nad przekazami medialnymi.

No abstract

No abstract

The time of the pandemic has redefined most areas of social life. including the world of music in the broad sense. Paradoxically. the virus itself turned out to be a kind of culture catalyst. The aim of this article is to present—at the exploratory level—the subject of people’s practice of music during the COVID-19 pandemic. The text will discuss selected aspects and processes related to the practice of musical. The main focus will be on showing how the musical life of society— confined to the Internet out of necessity—has evolved during the pandemic.

Introduction: Health treatment services in health resorts are a specific type of health care services in the Polish health protection system. In the context of performing the services, this specificity should be indicated in the rules for referring patients to treatment in health resorts. Referrals to treatment or rehabilitation in health resorts must be confirmed by the voivodeship branch office of the Fund, which is competent for the place of residence of the respective beneficiary. By confirming referrals, the voivodeship branch office of the National Health Fund specifies, inter alia, the type, place and date of the treatment. Therefore, it should be pointed out that the process in which the National Health Fund confirms referrals to treatment in health resorts is an important factor impacting the performance of treatment services in health resorts. Material: In order to inform about the performance of health care services in health resorts in 2019, the National Health Fund analysed the data by taking into account, inter alia, quantitative and value data (the value and number of registered medical referrals), medical data (the basis of the referrals, treatment profile, and scope of services), and statistical data (age and sex). Conclusions: From the analysis containing the above mentioned data, which is performed by the National Health Fund, results that the largest age group being treated in health resorts is the group aged from 56 to 65 years, which accounts for 41.03% of the total group of beneficiaries. On the other hand, the smallest groups is comprised of beneficiaries aged from 19 to 40 years, i.e. 1.39% of the total group of beneficiaries. This means that there is a significant disparity in the performance of treatment in health resorts between different age groups. Disparities may also be noticed in the performance of medical referrals to treatment in terms of sex, i.e. women account for 63.67% and men for just 36.33%.

The first aim of the article is to show the Elias perspective on phenomena connected with the musical life of society and to consider the figuration processes connected with human practices directed at music. The author reflects on the dual feedback of the activities of individuals and the structural determinants conditioning those activities. As an example, she discusses Elias’s case study of the socio-cultural and historical-economic background of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s creativity. The second aim of the article is to show the possibility of applying socio-musical figuration to various areas of human life associated with music, beginning with the question of the role of professional musicians and gender questions, through the political factors connected with musical creativity, and ending with the presence of music in the religious sphere and the rules governing the sacral context. Her reflections are premised on the idea that socio-musical life based on social norms and rules established during the civilization process is simultaneously undergoing a constant modification and transformation on account of the subjective activities of individuals.

Celem artykułu jest omówienie problematyki związanej z komunikowaniem politycznym i publicznym w wybranych debatach telewizyjnych. W szczególności analizie poddane zostały stosowane w debatach strategie argumentacyjne oraz dominujące słownictwo. Podstawowe pytanie, jakie przyświeca podjętym tu rozważaniom, odnosi się do jakości debat politycznych: czy mają one formę rytualnego spektaklu, czy też opierają się na racjonalnej argumentacji? Całość rozważań osadzona została w ramach teoretycznych tzw. krytycznej analizy dyskursu (KAD), której jednym z główny zadań jest demaskowanie przemocy i dominacji wbudowanych w język.