This review starts from the premise that the visual has been, until recently, a neglected dimension in our understanding of social life, despite the role of vision in other disciplines, including medicine itself. The potential for a visual approach will be analysed drawing on a range of studies, broadly within the sociology of health and illness, which have used visual approaches. I highlight the value of visual methodology projects within qualitative approaches to research more generally, and assess the difficulties as well as the advantages. It is suggested that using visual methodologies does not necessarily lead to greater reactivity in the research process as has sometimes been proposed; and that visual worlds are themselves unique topics of sociological study which may be enhanced by using visual techniques rather than written and spoken language. A combination of visual and traditional methods can also be fruitful. Painting and drawing, video, film, and still photography are included as examples which researchers have used and can use. Keywords: visual sociology, visual methods, photography, health and health careThe visual dimension in social life and social researchAnyone with an interest in visual representation, visual documents and visual techniques as part of social science methodology will find numerous reminders of their marginality in a context where the primary means of communication has been words. Fyfe and Law (1988: 1) have referred to the 'invisibility of the visual', and in her excellent overview of theoretical and empirical approaches to the visual in sociology Chaplin (1994) notes that 'sociologists behave as though they were sightless'. 'The visual is repressed by the verbal' and Chaplin questions this privileging of the written word.
This paper examines the ways in which photographic images can be used in narrative inquiry. After introducing the renewed interest in visual methodology the first section examines the ways in which researchers have utilised the camera or photographic images in research studies that are broadly similar to forms of narrative inquiry such as auto/biography, photographic journals, video diaries and photo-voice. It then draws on the published literature in relation to the author’s own empirical research intoeverydayphotography. Here the extent to which the practices which are part of everyday photography can be seen as forms of story-telling and provide access to both narratives and counter-narratives, are explored. Ideas about memory and identity construction are considered. A critical area of argument centres on the relationship of images to other texts, and asks whether it is possible for photographs to narrate independent of written or oral word. It concludes with some remarks about how photographs can be used in research and as a resource for narrative inquiry. This necessitates a understanding of what it is people do with photographs in everyday life.
Using a high-throughput screening strategy, a series of 1-aryl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-ones was identified that inhibit the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/cyclin D1 complex-mediated phosphorylation of a protein substrate with IC(50)s in the low micromolar range. On the basis of preliminary structure-activity relationships (SAR), a model was proposed in which these inhibitors occupy the ATP-binding site of the enzyme, forming critical hydrogen bonds to the same residue (Val96) to which the amino group in ATP is presumed to bind. X-ray diffraction studies on a later derivative bound to CDK2 support this binding mode. Iterative cycles of synthesis and screening lead to a novel series of potent, CDK2-selective 6-(arylmethyl)pyrazolopyrimidinones. Placement of a hydrogen-bond donor in the meta-position on the 6-arylmethyl group resulted in approximately 100-fold increases in CDK4 affinity, giving ligands that were equipotent inhibitors of CDK4 and CDK2. These compounds exhibit antiproliferative effects in the NCI HCT116 and other cell lines. The potency of these antiproliferative effects is enhanced in anilide derivatives and translates into tumor growth inhibition in a mouse xenograft model.
Aims-To review the results of 73 consecutive fine needle aspirations (FNAs) that were collected by a pathologist and analysed by immunoflow cytometry. Material for a cell block was also collected from some of these lesions. Methods-The setting was a large general hospital in rural New Zealand. The FNAs were performed by a pathologist, or a radiologist for image guided localisations. Material for immunoflow cytometry was collected into RPMI and, when required, material for a cell block was collected into formalin. In the past, the cytological diagnosis of lymphomas from fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples has been particularly diYcult. Usually, one obtains a sample that is either obviously malignant but equivocally lymphoid or, conversely, a sample that is obviously lymphoid but equivocally malignant. However, recently FNA diagnosis of lymphoid lesions has been made easier by the arrival of immunoflow cytometry in most large pathology laboratories. Immunoflow cytometry has been used mainly for the analysis of haematological diseases, but increasingly it is being used by cytologists. Early studies of FNAs and immunoflow cytometry used a limited range of antibodies and were not able to perform dual staining. Recently, there have been substantial advances in the sophistication of the methods and equipment used for flow cytometry. It is accepted that FNA cytology with immunolabelled flow cytometry can, in some circumstances, serve as a replacement for open biopsy and conventional histology and immunohistochemistry. Results-Of1 2 However, FNA with immunoflow cytometry is not always successful. Scanty cellularity in the sample can prevent a satisfactory analysis, and even with an adequate sample the results might be misleading. In particular, non-lymphoid malignancies can be hard to distinguish from lymphoid lesions if the sample also contains reactive lymphoid cells; B cell lymphomas sometimes do not exhibit light chain restriction; and T cell lymphomas can have a large population of reactive B cells.The aim of our study was to review the results of 73 consecutive FNAs that were collected by a pathologist and analysed by immunoflow cytometry. Material for a cell block was also collected from some of these lesions. The setting was a large general hospital in rural New Zealand. The FNAs were performed over a two year period. In this time, approximately 800 FNAs of non-breast lesions were performed together with approximately 1400 breast FNAs. MethodsThe FNAs were performed by one of two mobile pathologists with an interest in FNA cytology, except for image guided FNAs, in
Aims: Fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology is an accepted means of diagnosing and typing common forms of lymphoma, particularly small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and large B cell lymphoma. However, its usefulness for diagnosing less common forms of lymphoma is not clearly established and this study was designed to examine this. Methods: The study reviewed the FNAs of suspected lymphomas collected over a period of approximately five years. Results: FNA samples were available for 138 definite lymphomas; most were common forms of B cell lymphoma. However, there was also one Burkitt lymphoma (BL), two Burkitt-like large B cell lymphomas, 15 classic Hodgkin lymphomas (HLs), two nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphomas, four mantle cell lymphomas, two mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphomas (MLBCLs), 11 peripheral T cell lymphomas (PTCLs), and five T cell rich large B cell lymphomas (TCRLBCLs). Conclusions: FNA diagnosis of BL was possible with immunoflow cytometry (IFC), cell block immunohistochemistry (IHC), and cell block fluorescent in situ hybridisation for c-myc alteration. It was difficult to make a definite diagnosis of HL and MLBCL on FNA alone. Both tend to be sclerotic tumours and FNA tends to yield scanty neoplastic cells. The FNA diagnosis of PTCL depended on cell block IHC; IFC was not usually useful. TCRLBCL did not show light chain restriction on IFC of FNA samples, probably because of frequent reactive B cells in the tumour. Thus, HL, MLBCL, and TCRLBCL are often difficult to diagnose accurately on FNA cytology, even when using IFC and cell block IHC. I n the past 10 years, fine needle aspiration (FNA) cytology has become accepted as a means of diagnosing and typing common forms of lymphoma, particularly small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, and large B cell lymphoma.1-8 These types of lymphoma alone make up approximately 70% of all lymphomas. The usefulness of FNA cytology in the diagnosis of these lymphomas is reliant on immunoflow cytometry (IFC) and cell block immunohistochemistry (IHC). It is also reliant on the pathologist making ''near patient'' provisional assessment of the nature of the specimen and then collecting appropriate specimens.However, the usefulness of FNA cytology in the diagnosis of less common forms of lymphoma is not clearly established, and our study set out to examine this issue. METHODSThe method was similar to that described in a previous study from our department. 6 The study was set in a large tertiary referral hospital in rural New Zealand. We reviewed the FNAs of suspected lymphomas collected over a period of approximately five years. Most of these were either benign or were common forms of lymphoma that were not the focus of our present study. The cases selected for further examination were those with a final diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma, Burkitt-like large B cell lymphoma, classic Hodgkin lymphoma, nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin lymphoma, mediastinal (thymic) large B cell lymphoma, peripheral T cell lymphoma, and T cell ...
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