This article explores the activation regime in three European countries-Austria, Germany, and Switzerland-and the related transformation of state bureaucracies into customer-oriented service providers. In the case of employment services affective labour tends to characterise the work process, in which public employees seek to guide, motivate, and control jobseekers. Our study focuses on organisational mechanisms, which govern the affect management of employment agents; we ask, how these actors are affectively subjectivated at the workplace and how they develop affective self-technologies to effectively govern jobseekers in counselling sessions. We conclude that state power and social policies increasingly revolve around subtle, affective means of governance, and we regard 'affective entrepreneurialism' as the dominant mode to govern public employees as well as citizens. The findings of the study are based on ethnographic fieldwork in three cities, where we conducted

The restructuring of state bureaucracies into service organizations and the new welfare state paradigm of activation have changed the work requirements of front‐line workers in public employment agencies across Europe. Public employment agents are less engaged in bureaucratic labour, but have to perform service work. They use affective means to motivate and to monitor and sanction jobseekers. This article provides evidence that these transformations in Austria, Germany and Switzerland did not suspend the gendering of public service work. We discovered four typical modes of affectively enacting the state: both male and female employment agents follow feminized service work patterns or masculinized entrepreneurial norms. To prevent a possible loss of their professional status, some employment agents reinterpret affective labour as professional service work that demands high expertise. Others resist the activation paradigm by performing traditionally feminized care work or by still adhering to affect‐neutral male bureaucratic work.

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Der Wandel der staatlichen Arbeitsmarktverwaltung in Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz impliziert zum einen die Aktivierung von Erwerbslosen und mehr affektive Arbeit, zum anderen die Einführung von New Public Management und Wettbewerb. Der Beitrag untersucht die geschlechtsspezifische Bedeutung, die diese Veränderungen für die Arbeit der in der Arbeitsverwaltung Tätigen hat. Die Ergebnisse unserer empirischen Studie zeigen ein komplexes Bild: Maskulinisiertes unternehmerisches Verhalten koexistiert mit serviceorientierten feminisierten Arbeitspraktiken, affektive Strategien des Doing und Undoing von Weiblichkeit und Männlichkeit werden von Männern wie von Frauen angewendet.

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Bridging the gaps between health, social and local services, to improve care for people living with rare and complex conditions: key findings of the EU-funded INNOVCare project and its case management pilot.

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