FINE, M.L., BERNARD, B., and HARRIS, T.M. 1993. Functional morphology of toadfish sonic muscle fibers: relationship to possible fiber division. Can. J. Zool. 71: 2262-2274. Sexually dimorphic sonic muscles, which vibrate the swimbladder for sound production in the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau), are among the fastest vertebrate muscles. Previous work has shown that sonic muscle fibers are smaller in males, have an unusual morphology,, and increase in number and size for life. We now report evidence consistent with the hypothesis that mature, presumably postmitotic, sonic fibers divide, and suggest that division, which returns fibers to small energy-efficient units, is necessary because mitochondria are excluded from the fiber's contractile cylinder. Large fibers, potential candidates for division, develop fragments of contractile cylinder separated by channels of an expanded sarcoplasmic reticulum; these channels can assume the appearance of the sarcoplasm (glycogen granules and mitochondria) beneath the sarcolemrna. Measurements indicate that contractile cylinder diameter does not increase with fish size and that diameters are approximately 2 1 % larger in females ( p < 0.0001). Fiber fragmentation, possible division, and the presence of smaller fibers with smaller diameter contractile cylinders in males are seen as adaptations for repeated rapid contraction and fatigue resistance during production of the male's courtship boatwhistle call. FINE, M.L., BERNARD, B., et HARRIS, T.M. 1993. Functional morphology of toadfish sonic muscle fibers: relationship to possible fiber division. Can. J. Zool. 71 : 2262 -2274.Les muscles qui font vibrer la vessie natatoire de f a~o n B ce qu'elle produise des sons chez le crapaud Opsanus tau sont parmi les muscles les plus rapides des vertCbrCs; ils sont diffkrents chez le mile et la femelle. Des travaux antCrieurs ont dCmontrC que les fibres de ces muscles sont plus petites chez les males, qu'elles ont une morphologie trks particulikre et que leur nombre et leur taille augmentent durant toute la vie. Nous prCsentons ici des donnkes qui appuient I'hypothkse selon laquelle les fibres 2 maturitC, prCsumCes post-mitotiques, se divisent, hypothkse qui suppose que cette division, qui reconvertit les fibres en petites unitCs efficaces du point de vue CnergCtique, est nkcessaire parce que les mitochondries sont exclues du cylindre contractile de chaque fibre. Les grosses fibres, candidates potentielles B la division, synthCtisent des fragments de cylindre contractile sCparCs par les conduits d'un rCticulum sarcoplasmique Ctendu; ces conduits prennent l'apparence de sarcoplasme (granules de glycogkne et mitochondries) sous le sarcolemme. Les mesures indiquent que le diamktre du cylindre contractile n'augmente pas lorsque le poisson augmente de taille et qu'il est d'environ 2 1 % plus gros chez les femelles ( p < 0,0001). La fragmentation des fibres, peut-Ctre leur division, et la presence de fibres plus petites B cylindre contractile de diamktre plus petit sont probablement des adaptatio...
In 2010, there was a bold commitment to take action in halting global biodiversity loss by 2020. Now, half way through the Convention on Biological Diversity strategic plan 2011-2020, the success of the mission is under discussion. With the Twelfth Conference of the Parties attesting a lack of action, attention is now focused on the science-policy interface. This article offers a critical examination of the current debate on the science-policy interface and its implications for biodiversity research. The aim is to demonstrate the need for a social-ecological perspective. First, we argue that there is not only a lack of action but also a lack of knowledge. Second, we present socialecological systems as a common framework for biodiversity research. Third, we explain the potential of transdisciplinarity in biodiversity research. We finish by calling for a decisive turning point to consider the hybrid notions of biodiversity in science, politics and conservation activities.
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<p>The Rheingau is one of the 13 designated German wine-growing regions and produces the highest proportion of Riesling in Germany. The effects of climate change on air temperature and precipitation can already be seen in phenological observations. The result is an earlier beginning of the budding, flowering and maturing dates. If the date of the beginning of the wine harvest for Riesling in the period 1961-1990 was on October 17 on average, the time in the period 1981-2010 shifted five days to the beginning of the month to October 12. In 2019, the harvest yield was significantly lower than the average of the past ten wine harvests. A consequence of increasing drought and heat in summer, more sunburn damage, but also increasingly late frosts and hailstorms. An evaluation of climatic variables for the near future (2050) relevant to viticulture performed for the individual phenological phases indicated critical changes. An increasing probability of the occurrence of tropical nights (minimum air temperature &#8805; 20&#176;C) which would potentially endanger the character of the Riesling and an increased probability of humid conditions during maturation, with the danger of higher pest load is to be expected. Higher, increasing evaporation rates will further reduce the availability of soil water in the growing and especially in the maturing phase. A systematic and regional-specific adaptation strategy for the Rheingau is still lacking. In addition, viticulture produces monoculture agro-ecosystem and causes specific environmentally problems, like soil erosion, loss of biodiversity and nitrate leaching relating to surface and groundwater eutrophication. The KliA-Net project launched in the middle of 2019 to address these problems together with the effects of climate change and to find sustainable, nature-based and landscape-integrative solutions. The aim of the project is to establish local and, above all, inter-communal cooperation and to develop it into joint action for adaptation to climate change. The resulting impulses lead to measures to reduce climate damage under the premise of climate protection, sustainable management and the best possible provision of ecosystem services. We will present the overall theoretical framework and the integrated approach to demonstrate that the concept of Terroir reflects the interactions between people and nature. Here, the concept of Vinecology was adapted, as the integration of ecological and viticultural principles and practices; it contextualizes sustainable land management within the specific agricultural sector and serves as an entry point to biodiversity conservation in an economically and biologically important biome integrated in its adjacent landscape. Concrete measures for climate adaptation in viticulture compiled in a catalogue, which is divided into 5 areas of action: viticulture, soil protection, water, biodiversity and landscape. These represent the different vinecological scales (landscape, vineyard, plant). This catalogue forms the basis for the transfer of knowledge between science, winegrowers, communal politics, administration and NGOs. Furthermore, we also contextualize related ecosystem services to indicate benefits resulting from a concrete measure. We hypothesize, that this is a way to harmonize objectives in nature conservation, soil and water protection and sustainable economic development.</p>
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