The gender barrier in the technological area represents a significant challenge for the members States of European Union. Also, in Portugal the participation of men and women in ICT is still uneven. This position is the result of the historical evolution of the position of women in the Portuguese society. This article aims to review the digitally index of women and the level of representation of women specialists in Information and Communications Technology (ICT) in Portugal comparing with the position occupied by men and the rank occupied by women in other members States of the European Union. It also intended to know the policies that have been implemented in Portugal with the aim of improving the digital inclusion of women. To achieve our goals, we supported our study in statistics data and we recapitulate Portuguese policies adopted to strengthen female representation in the digitally and ICT market. Furthermore, we looked at the 2020 European Commission report on this subject (which presents pre-pandemic COVID-19 data, 2021 (which represents data during the period of the pandemics and the period of the emergence State in Portugal) and the 2022 report (which represents post-pandemic data to understand the evolution and impact of female digital inclusion caused by the COVID-19 period. The research technique adopted is document analysis based on the systematization of statistical data from the years 2019, 2020 and 2021, reading articles, academic books on the subject and the political programs implemented in Portugal to meet the digital challenges of women. we conclude that Portugal is on the right path, however, it is still too early to assess the success of the measures implemented.
The municipality is the basic territorial organization for almost all the Member States of the European Union and has approximately the same attributions in all these. Even so, the territorial structure of municipalities differs in each of the Member States, and it is possible to group them into two large groups: those that have implemented reforms with a consequent reduction in the number of these entities and those with a high number of municipalities. Although Spain is a neighbor of Portugal and Portugal gets some influences from France, in fact the territorial organization of municipalities corresponds to very different realities. Through this research you can see that Portugal did reform its municipalities while France and Spain failed to do so. However, they all recognize that there is a need to reform the territorial structure of municipalities.
Este artigo apresenta os cenários atuais da utilização do voto eletrónico por alguns países que exercem a democracia através do voto popular. O objetivo deste estudo é demonstrar como a utilização da tecnologia para exercício do voto está sendo atualmente empregada, quais são os entraves e as perspetivas para sua adoção tendo em vista a ampliação da participação cidadã. O estudo revelou que apesar dos esforços dos países em direção à adoção do conceito das Smart Cities, há muito que se aprimorar para uso efetivo do voto eletrónico, a começar pela sua utilização nos principais pleitos políticos para eleição de seus governantes.
RESUMO Nestes últimos trinta anos, o Professor António Cândido de Oliveira tem sido o incansável professor e principal impulsionador do ensino e desenvolvimento da doutrina jurídica do Direito das Autarquias Locais e da Democracia Local. A obra de referência sobre estas matérias é da sua autoria e a sua primeira edição foi publicada em 1992, com o título "Direito das Autarquias 272 ESTUDOS
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