Objective To investigate the properties of the smooth muscle layers in the urethral wall of male and female greyhounds, and to consider their roles in continence and micturition. Materials and methods The distribution and innervation of the smooth muscle layers of the prostate capsule and membranous urethra of male greyhounds were assessed. Strips of smooth muscle from these regions were used to determine the neuropharmacological properties by assessing the excitatory and inhibitory responses to nerve stimulation, and the effects of blocking agents. These were compared with strips from the proximal urethra and from the female urethra. Results The smooth muscle of the membranous urethra comprised 9% of the wall and received its innervation exclusively in branches from the pelvic plexus. The cholinergic innervation in the male produced 80% of the total contractile response in the longitudinal membranous urethra, 50% in the prostate capsule and 13% in the circular muscle of the proximal urethra. In the female all areas had poor contractile responses. Inhibitory fibres produced relaxation in all parts of male and female urethrae with the major effect caused by nitric oxide. Adrenergic nerves contributed to both residual excitation ( α receptors) and inhibition ( β receptors). Conclusions The longitudinal smooth muscle of the male membranous urethra probably shortens the urethra during micturition, through the activity of cholinergic nerves, whereas the circular smooth muscle of the proximal urethra, under adrenergic control, may be contracted during continence and ejaculation. In the female, the smooth muscle plays a minor role.
The striated muscle of the membranous urethra is innervated exclusively by the pudendal nerve.
Objective To determine the properties of the striated muscle of the greyhound (dog) urethra and to consider its role in maintaining continence. Materials and methods The thickness of the muscle layers and the muscle types were determined by examining sections stained with haematoxylin and eosin or Masson's trichrome. These factors were correlated with the mechanical and electrical responses of muscle strips to nerve stimulation, and compared with muscle from other breeds of dog and other parts of the animal. Results The striated muscle formed <70% of the membranous urethra and was predominantly (68%) type IIa muscle (i.e. fast but fatigue-resistant IntroductionThe lower urinary tract has as its primary function the storage and expulsion of urine at appropriate times. Constriction of the urethra prevents the passage of urine from the bladder to the exterior, but there is some controversy about which structures provide continence. The sphincteric action of the smooth muscle layers of the bladder neck and/or proximal urethra can provide a watertight seal despite wide¯uctuations in intravesical pressure [1,2]. The membranous urethra (which runs in the male from the apex of the prostate to the start of the penis) contains some smooth but mostly striated muscle that may be important in continence. The striated muscle is reported to contribute more than a third to a half of the maximum urethral pressure in humans [3,4]. To understand the role of the striated muscle, it is necessary to determine the extent and orientation of the muscle layers and relate the ®bre type to the electrical and contractile properties of the muscle. According to Cullen et al.[5] the striated muscle of the entire membranous urethra in adult male dogs occupies over half the urethral wall, whereas total connective tissue comprises <40%. It is not known if these percentages are similar in all breeds of dog. In comparison, in a human infant the striated muscle comprised 79% of the urethra; with increasing age this decreased to 35.5% in an elderly man [6]. This reduction probably explains why the incidence of incontinence after prostatectomy increases with age in men [7].From histochemical studies for the reaction of myo®brillar actomyosin ATPase, striated muscles can be divided into type I (slow twitch), type IIa (fast twitch fatigue-resistant) and type IIb (fast twitch fatiguable) ®bres [8,9]. The type IIb ®bres are absent in the dog but transitional type IIc ®bres (also fast, fatiguable) are present [10]. The striated muscle of the urethra of adult dogs of mixed breed has been reported to contain 35% type I, 52% type IIc and 13% type IIa ®bres [11]. Female dogs of mixed breed have been found to contain 76% type II ®bres [12]. Although Gosling et al. [13] stated that all ®bres in humans are type I, it has also been reported that about one-third of ®bres are type II [14,15]. It was suggested that the slow-twitch ®bres (type I) are likely to be responsible for continence at rest, whereas the fasttwitch ®bres would be recruited during stress [11]. T...
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