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Our results provide evidence that the customary effects of combined hormonal contraceptives on hemostatic variables and estrogen-sensitive liver proteins are largely related to EE and independent of delivery route during short-term treatment.

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In 2007, 1.7 billion women were in need of contraception, but only 57% of them were using modern contraceptives. 1 During a woman's 30-year reproductive life, her contraceptive needs may vary from postponing childbearing to spacing out the births of her children and, finally, to limiting family size. Modern contraceptive methods and their delivery systems reflect these changing needs as well as the challenges associated with the long-term regulation of conception, which are similar to the challenges encountered in developing therapeutics for chronic medical conditions. ChallengesAdvances in contraceptive technology have been impressive in the past 50 years, beginning with the first oral contraceptive (OC) in the early 1960s, followed by long-term hormonal injectables in the late 1960s, copper T intrauterine devices (IUDs) in the 1970s and 1980s, the first progestin subdermal implant in 1983, a progestin intrauterine system (IUS) in 1990, and the first combined hormonal vaginal ring and transdermal patch in the early 2000s. Throughout the world, real-world constraints, including limited access to medical care or contraceptive supplies, high cost of contraceptives, safety concerns, cultural or religious mores, and national policies, restrict the choice and availability of contraceptives. 2 Nonuse or incorrect use of contraception is associated with unintended pregnancy: approximately 1.5 million pregnancies, half of all unintended pregnancies in the United States annually, occur in contraceptive users, and 90% of these are related to inconsistent or incorrect method of use. 3 Dissatisfaction with the method of contraception and the need for daily attention contribute to this undesired outcome. 2 Therefore, the development of contraceptives remains challenging, given that methods must be not only safe and effective but also acceptable to the user and effective for long periods of time.

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Raw Materials 3. Process Technology 4. Biomass Chemicals 4.1. Ethanol and Its Derivatives 4.2. Other Fermentation Chemicals 4.3. Sugar Chemicals 4.4. Starch Chemicals 4.5. Oilseed Chemicals 4.6. Furfural and Its Derivatives 4.7. Cellulose Polymers 4.8. Lignin Chemicals 4.9. Methanol 4.10. Methane 5. Future Contributions