Compression data on over 100 sands were examined to clarify the role of particle rearrangement through interparticle slip and rotation and particle damage on primary compression, including the yield stress, secondary compression, and coefficient of lateral pressure at rest. During the increase in effective vertical stress, mechanisms such as tighter packing that promote particle locking and interparticle slip and particle damage that promote particle unlocking together determine the relationship between void ratio and effective vertical stress. Three levels of particle damage together with interparticle slip and rotation determine three types of compression behavior and a yield stress at the abrupt onset of particle fracturing and splitting. The ratio of secondary compression index to compression index is independent of whether compression results from overcoming interparticle friction through interparticle slip, from overcoming particle strength through particle damage, or both; and therefore it is a constant independent of the effective stress range. The coefficient of lateral pressure at rest of an initially dense sand starts with a value defined by the Jaky equation and the maximum friction angle and remains constant up to the abrupt onset of particle fracturing and splitting, at which point it begins to increase with an increase in effective vertical stress.
An oedometer instrumented to measure horizontal pressure was used to examine the behavior of the coefficient of earth pressure at rest, Ko, of clean sands subjected to vertical vibration. Reconstituted specimens of Ottawa, Lake Michigan Beach, and Niigata sands were used in a comprehensive series of tests. The dynamic effort is defined by the ratio of dynamic increase in effective vertical stress to the static effective vertical stress, and frequency and duration of vibration. Dynamic changes in Koare referenced to a series of lines representing the ratio of the increase in effective horizontal stress to the increase in effective vertical stress corresponding to different void ratios or friction angles through the Jaky equation. An increase in Kooccurs when the combination of the initial sand state and dynamic effort results in periodic disengagement of interparticle contacts, producing a periodic decrease in interparticle shearing resistance and thus a periodic fluidization of the sand. The highest values of [Ko]maxas well as the lowest values of eminwere obtained with dynamic stress ratios equal to or greater than 3–4. Vibration of overconsolidated sands results in an initial Kodrop that increases with previbration density and overconsolidation ratio. Thereafter, the behavior of Koand void ratio with vibration depend on the potential for fluidization.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.