A respiration-locked activity in the olfactory brain, mainly originating in the mechano-sensitivity of olfactory sensory neurons to air pressure, propagates from the olfactory bulb to the rest of the brain. Interestingly, changes in nasal airflow rate result in reorganization of olfactory bulb response. By leveraging spontaneous variations of respiratory dynamics during natural conditions, we investigated whether respiratory drive also varies with nasal airflow movements. We analyzed local field potential activity relative to respiratory signal in various brain regions during waking and sleep states. We found that respiration regime was state-specific, and that quiet waking was the only vigilance state during which all the recorded structures can be respiration-driven whatever the respiratory frequency. Using CO2-enriched air to alter respiratory regime associated to each state and a respiratory cycle based analysis, we evidenced that the large and strong brain drive observed during quiet waking was related to an optimal trade-off between depth and duration of inspiration in the respiratory pattern, characterizing this specific state. These results show for the first time that changes in respiration regime affect cortical dynamics and that the respiratory regime associated with rest is optimal for respiration to drive the brain.
A respiration-locked activity in the olfactory brain, mainly originating in the mechano-sensitivity of olfactory sensory neurons to air pressure, propagates from the olfactory bulb to the rest of the brain. Interestingly, changes in nasal airflow rate result in reorganization of olfactory bulb response. Therefore, if the respiratory drive of the brain originates in nasal airflow movements, then it should vary with respiration dynamics that occur spontaneously during natural conditions. We took advantage of the spontaneous variations of respiration dynamics during the different waking and sleep states to explore respiratory drive in various brain regions. We analyzed their local field potential activity relative to respiratory signal. We showed that respiration regime was state-specific, and that quiet waking was the only vigilance state during which all the recorded structures can be respiration-driven whatever the respiration frequency. We used a CO2-enriched air to change the respiratory regime associated to each state and, using a respiratory cycle-by-cycle analysis, we evidenced that the large and strong brain entrainment during quiet waking was the consequence of its associated respiration regime consisting in an optimal trade-off between deepness and duration of inspiration. These results show for the first time that changes in respiration regime alter the cortical dynamics and that the respiratory regime associated with rest is optimal for respiration to drive the brain.
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