Fluorescent bioimaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) can probe deep tissue with minimum auto-fluorescence and tissue scattering. However, current NIR-II fluorophore-related biodetection in vivo is only focused on direct disease lesion or organ bioimaging, it is still a challenge to realize NIR-II real-time dynamic biosensing. A new type of Er sensitized upconversion nanoparticles are presented with both excitation (1530 nm) and emission (1180 nm) located in the NIR-II window for in vivo biosensing. The microneedle patch sensor for in vivo inflammation dynamic detection is developed based on the ratiometric fluorescence by combining the effective NIR-II upconversion emission and H O sensing organic probes under the Fenton catalysis of Fe . Owing to the large anti-Stokes shifting, low auto-fluorescence, and tissue scattering of the NIR-II upconversion luminescence, inflammation can be dynamically evaluated in vivo at very high resolution (200×200 μm).

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γ-Bi2MoO6 single-crystal nanobelts with dominant {010} facets exhibit facet-enhanced photocatalytic property for the photodegradation of dye pollutants under visible light irradiation. The charge carriers are more efficiently separated on the low-index facets due to the exposure of more photoactive sites to the reacting substrates.

Fluorescent bioimaging in the second near-infrared window (NIR-II) can probe deep tissue with minimum autofluorescence and tissue scattering. However,c urrent NIR-II fluorophore-related biodetection in vivo is only focused on direct disease lesion or organ bioimaging,itisstill ac hallenge to realizeNIR-II real-time dynamic biosensing. Anew type of Er 3+ sensitized upconversion nanoparticles are presented with both excitation (1530 nm) and emission (1180 nm) located in the NIR-II windowf or in vivo biosensing.T he microneedle patch sensor for in vivo inflammation dynamic detection is developed based on the ratiometric fluorescence by combining the effective NIR-II upconversion emission and H 2 O 2 sensing organic probes under the Fenton catalysis of Fe 2+ .Owing to the large anti-Stokes shifting, lowa uto-fluorescence,a nd tissue scattering of the NIR-II upconversion luminescence,i nflammation can be dynamically evaluated in vivo at very high resolution (200 200 mm).

The orthogonal luminescence encoding technique is developed for the first time based on a novel near-infrared rechargeable upconverting persistent luminescence composite. The orthogonal luminescence encoding signals with multicolor upconversion emission and long persistent phosphorescence can be activated and work independently in the presence and absence of 980 nm excitation.

The unique luminescent properties exhibited by rare earth ion-doped upconversion nanocrystals (UCNPs), such as long lifetime, narrow emission line, high color purity, and high resistance to photobleaching, have made them widely used in many areas, including but not limited to high-resolution displays, new-generation information technology, optical communication, bioimaging, and therapy. However, the inherent upconversion luminescent properties of UCNPs are influenced by various parameters, including the size, shape, crystal structure, and chemical composition of the UCNPs, and even the chosen synthesis process and the surfactant molecules used. This review will provide a complete summary on the synthesis methods and the surface modification strategies of UCNPs reported so far. Firstly, we summarize the synthesis methodologies developed in the past decades, such as thermal decomposition, thermal coprecipitation, hydro/solvothermal, sol-gel, combustion, and microwave synthesis. In the second part, five main streams of surface modification strategies for converting hydrophobic UCNPs into hydrophilic ones are elaborated. Finally, we consider the likely directions of the future development and challenges of the synthesis and surface modification, such as the large-scale production and actual applications, stability, and so on, of the UCNPs.

In the controlled synthesis of ScOOH nanomaterials, the surfactant molecule Na3 Cit not only helps to manipulate the crystallographic structures, but also to initiate the transfer from α-ScOOH to γ-ScOOH. Further annealing of ScOOH generates cubic Sc2 O3 with morphologies inherited from respective origins. When doped with lanthanide ions, both ScOOH and Sc2 O3 can be utilized for high-temperature probing and light-emitting-diode lighting.

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