The initial stage of rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe oryzae, infection, before 36 h postinoculation, is a critical timespan for deploying pathogen effectors to overcome the host's defences and ultimately cause the disease. However, how this process is regulated at the transcription level remains largely unknown. This study functionally characterized two M. oryzae Early Infection-induced Transcription Factor genes (MOEITF1 and MOEITF2) and analysed their roles in this process. Target gene deletion and mutant phenotype analysis showed that the mutants Δmoeitf1 and Δmoeitf2 were only defective for infection growth but not for vegetative growth, asexual/sexual sporulation, conidial germination, and appressoria formation. Gene expression analysis of 30 putative effectors revealed that most effector genes were down-regulated in mutants, implying a potential regulation by the transcription factors. Artificial overexpression of two severely down-regulated effectors, T1REP and T2REP, in the mutants partially restored the pathogenicity of Δmoeitf1 and Δmoeitf2, respectively, indicating that these are directly regulated. Yeast one-hybrid assay and electrophoretic mobility shift assay indicated that Moeitf1 specifically bound the T1REP promoter and Moeitf2 specifically bound the T2REP promoter. Both T1REP and T2REP were predicted to be secreted during infection, and the mutants of T2REP were severely reduced in pathogenicity.Our results indicate crucial roles for the fungal-specific Moeitf1 and Moeitf2 transcription factors in regulating an essential step in M. oryzae early establishment after penetrating rice epidermal cells, highlighting these as possible targets for disease control.
The family of phosphatidylinositol transfer proteins (PITPs) is able to bind specific lipids to carry out various biological functions throughout different stages of plant life. But the function of PITPs in rice plant is unclear. In this study, 30 PITPs were identified from rice genome, which showed differences in physicochemical properties, gene structure, conservation domains, and subcellular localization. The promoter region of the OsPITPs genes included at least one type of hormone response element, such as methyl jasmonate (Me JA) and salicylic acid (SA). Furthermore, the expression level of OsML-1, OsSEC14-3, OsSEC14-4, OsSEC14-15, and OsSEC14-19 genes were significantly affected by infection of rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Based on these findings, it is possible that OsPITPs may be involved in rice innate immunity in response to M. oryzae infection through the Me JA and SA pathway.
Background:Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is one of the common diseases in female urinary system diseases, and the incidence is increasing year by year. Moxibustion therapy, as a kind of acupuncture therapy, has been widely used in the clinical treatment of SUI, but its therapeutic effect and safety have not been scientifically and systematically evaluated. Therefore, the protocol of this systematic review we propose this time is to scientifically evaluate the effectiveness and safety of moxibustion in the treatment of female stress urinary incontinence (FSUI).Methods:The following 8 electronic databases will be searched from establishment to December 2021: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP Database, Wanfang Database, China Biology Medicine disc. All randomized controlled trials of moxibustion in the treatment of FSUI will be searched in the above electronic databases. Two reviewers will independently complete research selection, data extraction, and research quality evaluation. After screening the studies, the quality of the included studies will be evaluated according to the quality standards specified in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions (version 5.1.0). The primary outcome of included studies is the change from baseline in urine leakage measured by the 1-hour pad test. Secondary outcomes include: the short-form of the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire, the mean 72-hour urinary incontinence episode frequency, self-assessment of the patient's treatment effect, severity of urinary incontinence, and adverse events. Two reviewers will independently conduct study selection, data extraction, risk of bias assessment, and study quality assessment. And the STATA 14.0 software will be implemented for data synthesis and meta-analysis.Results:The result of this meta-analysis will be submitted to peer-reviewed journals for publication, and a comprehensive review of current evidence will be conducted.Conclusions:The conclusion of this systematic review will provide evidence for judging whether moxibustion is a safer and more effective intervention for female stress urinary incontinence.Trial registration number:The protocol has been registered on INPLASY2021120052.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.