Objective: By copying the uric acid nephropathy rat model, the oxidative stress injury of mitochondria was caused in renal tubular epithelial cells and the relationship between the injury and the induction of cell apoptosis was identified. Methods: All rats were randomly divided into NC (normal control, NC) group, HUA (high uric acid, HUA) group and GSH (reductive glutathione, GSH) group. The values were quantitatively tested in the kidney tissues, including 24-h urinary protein quantity, serum creatinine, blood uric acid, the MDA (malondialdehyde, MDA) and SOD (superoxide dismutase, SOD) oxidative stress indicators. The expression of p53, Bax and caspase-9/-3 were detected by immunoblotting. TUNEL assays were used to detect the apoptosis of renal tubular epithelial cells. Result: In HUA and GSH groups, the 24-h urinary protein(24UTP), serum creatinine, and blood uric acid increased gradually with the increase of the replication cycle and the increase was significant compared to the NC group ( p < .05). Compared to the NC group, MDA increased whereas SOD decreased. The expression of apoptotic proteins, such as p53, Bax, and caspase-9/-3 in the mitochondria was significantly different ( p < .05). TUNEL assay revealed that the renal tubular epithelial cells in HUA group were largely apoptotic, whereas the GSH group improved significantly. Conclusion: Mitochondria incurred the substantial damage due to being in a state of oxidative stress, which was the primary cause of apoptosis in the renal tubule epithelial cells. GSH exhibited the effective resistance to the influence of oxidative stress and can restore the damage in the renal tubular epithelial cells.

Background: Previous studies have shown that podocyte autophagy is an important trigger for proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis. The mammalian rapamycin target protein (mTOR) occupies a pivotal position in the autophagy pathway. In this study, we planned to clarify the mechanism of mTOR regulation of podocyte autophagy and the effect of rapamycin (RAPA).Methods: All rats were randomly divided into normal control group (n = 8), DN group (n = 8), and RAPA group (n = 8). Blood and urine samples were collected at the 4th, 8th, and 12th weeks of the experiment. The serum creatinine (Scr), urine volume levels, and the 24 h urine protein (UP) levels were examined. The nephrin, podocin, mTOR, ribosomal S6 kinase 1 (S6K1), and autophagy marker light chain 3 (LC3II) expression levels were evaluated by immunohistochemistry, quantitative PCR, and immunoblotting.Results: The urine volume, 24 h UP, and Scr of the DN and RAPA groups increased significantly compared with the NC group (p < .05). Nephrin and podocin expression was decreased in the kidney tissues of the DN and RAPA groups compared with the NC group (p < .05). The expression levels of mTOR and S6K1 increased and LC3II expression decreased in the renal tissues of the DN and RAPA groups compared with the NC group (p < .05). After RAPA treatment, all the above indexes were improved compared with the DN group (p < .05), but were significantly abnormal compared with the NC group (p < .05).Conclusion: The proteinuria and kidney function had improved after RAPA treatment. These results confirmed that RAPA specifically binds to mTOR kinase, and inhibits mTOR activity, thereby regulating the pathological autophagic process.

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Aberrant activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway contributes to the development of diabetic nephropathy (DN); however, treatment with Tripterygium wilfordii (TW) may be beneficial for patients with DN. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of TW on Wnt/β-catenin expression in the kidneys of diabetic rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly injected with vehicle (control) or streptozotocin to induce diabetes. Diabetic rats were then randomly treated with vehicle (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose; SCC), TW combined with SCC (8 or 16 mg/kg) or irbesartan (50 mg/kg) daily for 8 weeks. Metabolic parameter levels and renal pathological changes were examined. mRNA and protein expression of Wnt-1, glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β, β-catenin, nuclear factor (NF)-κB and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the kidneys of rats from all groups were measured. Compared with the DM group, metabolic parameters and morphological parameters, apart from blood glucose levels, were significantly improved in TW-treated rats (all P<0.01). Furthermore, levels of Wnt-1, β-catenin, NF-κB-p65 and TGF-β1 mRNA and protein were significantly reduced in the kidneys of TW-treated rats compared with DM rats, whereas levels of GSK-3β mRNA and protein did not differ significantly between any of the groups; however, the expression of P-GSK-3β protein was significantly decreased in the kidneys of TW-treated rats compared with the DM group. The protective effects of TW tended to be dose-dependent and were an improvement compared with irbesartan treatment in diabetic rats. Therefore, the results of the present study indicated that treatment with TW mitigated hyperglycemia-induced upregulated Wnt-1 and β-catenin expression in kidney tissues and ameliorated diabetes-induced kidney injury in rats.

ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to detect the expression of M phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R) in the kidney tissue of patients with idiopathic membranous nephropathy (IMN), secondary membranous nephropathy (SMN), and the nonmembranous nephropathy (non-MN), to evaluate the value of PLA2R in the kidney tissue and serum anti-PLA2R antibody in the diagnosis of membranous nephropathy (MN), and to explore the relationship between PLA2R of the kidney tissue or serum anti-PLA2R antibody and clinical features of MN.MethodsThe kidney tissue was collected by kidney biopsy. Immunofluorescence assay was used to detect the level of PLA2R and IgG4 antigen in kidney tissue. Furthermore, the level of the PLA2R was detected using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The positive and negative rates of PLA2R and IgG4 in different diseases and the sensitivity and specificity, were calculated using the statistical method. The specificity and coincidence rate of PLA2R or anti-PLA2R used in the differential diagnosis of IMN and SMN were evaluated.ResultsThe expression intensities of anti-PLA2R antibody and IgG4 were significantly higher in patients with IMN than in patients with SMN but are not non-MN. There was no significant difference in anti-PLA2R antibody and IgG4 in patients with SMN and non-MN. The coincidence rate of serum anti-PLA2R antibody and PLA2R in kidney tissue was 100%.ConclusionThe expression of PLA2R and IgG4 antibody had great significance in the pathological diagnosis of MN. The detection of the serum anti-PLA2R antibody had great diagnostic value in diagnosing MN.

Background To investigate the problems and countermeasures faced by five-year clinical medical students in an entrepreneurship training programme for medical students from different perspectives to promote medical teaching reforms.Methods A total of 600 five-year clinical medicine majors (grades 16-18) of Bengbu Medical College (including those who did and did not participate in large-scale innovative projects) were studied by means of network questionnaires and interviews. Statistical analysis was used to analyse the results. Results Students generally hope to improve the teaching quality and teaching mode of scientific research; they have strong interest in scientific research and hope to conduct scientific research training in their spare time without affecting their studies. Moreover, students hope to improve the incentive policy for innovation and to optimize the funding for scientific research and the policy of laboratory opening. Conclusions Clinical medical students in our hospital attach great importance to the cultivation of scientific research ability, understand the problems faced by medical undergraduates in the process of innovative projects, and provide specific quantitative data for the reform of medical education modes to cultivate the innovative ability of medical students.

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