Water, energy and food securities lie at the heart of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Since these securities are interconnected, the business-as-usual approach (sectoral approach) cannot achieve them and need to apply the water-energy-food nexus approach for identifying and overcoming the roots of barriers and challenges. The study aims to prioritize interlinkages between SDG-2 (food security), SDG-6 (water security) and SDG-7 (energy security) for country action. In order to achieve this aim, the study implements a set of methods including stakeholder perception survey, network analysis, regression analysis and cross-sectorial group discussion. This article summarizes the outcomes of a case study in India. Stakeholders cognition derived through scrutinizing the perception survey admitted the need for a nexus approach in the action plans towards the SDGs. Quantitative assessment of interdependency showed that, of 182 interlinkages between SDG-2, SDG-6 and SDG-7 targets, 124 interlinkages had synergistic relation. The combined outcome of the cross-sectorial group discussion identified eight interlinkages as high priority (p>0.9) for immediate integrated planning and action. A total of ten interactions are moderate (p=0.6 to 0.9) and eight are low priority interlinkages (p<0.6). Solid understanding of synergies and trade-offs associated with SDG targets and initial prioritization of interlinkages would help India reorient its SDG priorities from a water-energy-food nexus perspective.
Copolymer hydrogel (PVA-g-AA) having varied PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol) and AA (Acrylic acid) content is prepared by gamma induced radiation polymerization. The parameters affecting the gel fraction yield have been studied. The gel fraction and the swelling property are found to be 92.39 and 905% respectively at an absorbed dose of 20 kGy. Structural and property characteristics were determined by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The surface morphology of PVA and copolymer has been studied with Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The factors affecting the metal uptake such as pH, time, and initial feed metal concentration were investigated. It is found that at pH 5 and after 240 minutes the maximum adsorption amount are 178, 161, 117, and 110 mg/g for Pb2+, Zn2+, Co2+, and Ni2+ respectively.
In this study, irradiation technique was used to produce copolymer AAc-g-PVP with different ratios of acrylic acid (AAc) and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP). The results showed that copolymer hydrogel with AAc/PVP ratio 3:1 (w/w) had the highest gel content (94.88%) and water swelling degree was found to be 4 g/g at an adsorbed dose of 20 kGy. The ability to adsorb Pb2+, Cu2+, Mn2+,and Cd2+ ions of copolymer have been carried out. Results on adsorption isotherm models show that the adsorption of ions of the copolymer is consistent with the Langmuir adsorption model with a high correlation coefficient (R2>0.99). The maximum adsorption capacities are 244, 222, 167, and 170 mg/g for Pb2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, and Cd2+, respectively. The AAc-g-PVP copolymer hydrogel material has potential applications for adsorbing heavy metal ions in water.
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