This study's primary objective was to compare the clinico-radiological outcomes and incidence of perioperative complications of transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) at lower lumbar levels for elderly and younger patients. The secondary objective was to evaluate the effect of age on clinical outcomes and patient satisfaction in the two groups. Overview of Literature: The lumbar interbody fusion surgery in elder age has been reported to produce a higher complication rate and suboptimal results. Literature evaluating efficacy and safety of TLIF in elderly population is scanty. The effect of age on clinical outcome and the overall patient satisfaction after TLIF has been understudied. Methods: This retrospective study was conducted from 2011 to 2017 with 121 patients, who underwent TLIF and were divided into two cohorts based on age (group A, >65 years and group B, <65 years). Perioperative clinical/radiological parameters, postoperative complications, and satisfactory outcomes were evaluated in both groups. A statistical analysis between two matched groups was performed with logistic regression analysis and Student t-test. Results: The mean age was 73.8±4.5 years in group A and 47.3±12.7 years in group B. There was no statistical difference in surgical time (p=0.15), mobilization, or hospital stay (p=0.15) between the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences noted in the Oswestry Disability Index, Visual Analog Scale, or Wang's outcome score between the two groups at final follow-up. Postoperative complications not affecting outcome were common in the elderly group, but there was no statistically significant difference noted among neurological or cardiopulmonary events between the two groups. Conclusions: In judiciously selected patients with proper preoperative risk assessment and optimized medical co-morbidities, TLIF surgery can have successful results, in terms of clinical outcome and satisfaction, in the elderly. Older age should not be a contraindication for TLIF in patients with degenerative lumbar disease.

Introduction:In India, girl is raped every 20 min. The majority of reports reveals youth is vulnerable group for rape victimization. A set of prejudicial, stereotyped, or false beliefs about rape, rape victims, and rapist exist in the community.Aims/Objectives:To study the attitude and myths toward rape among college going students of Surat City.Materials and Methods:College students of various streams were participated in the study based on attitude toward rape scale (21 items) and updated Illinois Rape Myth Acceptance Scale (22 items). A total of 332 participants from three different colleges of the city took part in the survey. Data analysis was done with the SPSS version 19.Results:Among the responders, 61.75% were female. Mean age of participants was 20.22 ± 1.27 years. Almost two-third (73%) of female participants and 42% of the male participants disagreed with the myth that “When a woman says ‘no’ she really means ‘yes’.” Around 30% of the participants were uncertain about the myth that “A woman cannot be raped by someone she previously knew or had sex with.” While almost 35% of participants believed that “Most rapes are carried out by strangers.” Strong sexual desire of guys, drunkenness, and girl's clothes were reported to be factors that provoke rape by 50%, 40%, and 33% of respondents, respectively, around 95% of female and 92% of male participants think that 7-year imprisonment for rape is not enough.Conclusions:Rape myths are found to be highly prevalent among youth and higher among males.

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Aims:To assess the health of children of construction workers with the help of anthropometric measurements and to explore their childcare practices. Settings and Design: Female construction workers and their children of age 12 to 36 months were taken as one study unit. The study had two components. One component deals with anthropometric measurements of the children while a qualitative descriptive exploratory component was used to explore mothers' perspectives and childcare practices. Methodology: Anthropometric measurements, background information, and living conditions were collected with the help of pre-tested and semi-structured questionnaire. In depth interview technique was used to explore child care practices. Total 14 mothers were interviewed to attain the saturation of responses. "Snow ball" technique was used to recruit children for anthropometric measurements and mothers for in-depth interview. Anthropometric analysis was done in WHO-ANTHRO software v 3.0.1. Content analysis method was used to analyze emerging themes from the interviews. Results: Mean Z scores of weight for age, height for age, and MUAC was less than −1.5. Among the children, 67.2% of children were underweight; 28.4% were wasted while 49.3% were stunted. All mothers believed breast milk to be good for baby for fi rst few months, but only 11% of mothers could practice exclusive breast-feeding. Mothers' perspectives about childcare shows understanding about importance of breast-feeding, complementary feeding, balanced diet, and vaccination. However, mothers were not able to practice their knowledge in childcare; main reasons were fear of wage loss, unavailability of proper living facilities and infl uence of labor contractor. Conclusions: The study fi ndings confi rm the inequity of health among children of construction workers. Mainstreaming of the workers in unorganized sector and strict legislations ensuring good living conditions are recommended to combat child malnutrition among this group.

Background: Cervical cancer is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in India. Pap smear is a simple, noninvasive, cost-effective and sensitive tool to detect various non-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions of cervix. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of cervical cytological pattern in a tertiary care centre; by using conventional Papanicolaou (Pap) smears for the screening of inflammatory, premalignant and malignant lesions of the cervix. Methods: This cross-sectional study is based on 574 patients who attended the outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, during the period between Jan 2015 to Feb 2017. Pap smears were prepared from patients presenting with complaints like vaginal discharge, post-coital bleeding, inter-menstrual bleeding, dyspareunia, and pain in lower abdomen. Conventional Papanicolaoustained smears were classified as per Bethesda 2001 nomenclature. Results: Prevalence of altered cervical cytological pattern was 75.59% amongst females visiting hospital. A total of 574 cervical pap smears were studied, out of which 66 were inadequate. Out of 508 cases, 448 cases were of NILM [including 324 (63.78%) inflammatory lesions and 124 (24.41%) normal smears] and 60 (11.81%) cases of epithelial lesions. The epithelial lesions prevalence rate was ASCUS (5.7%), LSIL (1.4%) and HSIL (1.4%), AGUS (0.78%), SCC (0.6%) and endometrial carcinoma (0.2%). Conclusions: This study shows relatively high prevalence of epithelial abnormalities with increasing age, parity, women with clinical lesions on per speculum findings. Malignancy was more common in sixth and seventh decade and intraepithelial lesions/dysplasia was seen mostly in fourth and fifth decade. Inflammatory lesions were more common in younger age group. Pap smear should be advised as a routine screening procedure; as it is a simple, cheap, safe and practical diagnostic tool for early detection of cervical cancer in high risk group population. It also helps in diagnosis of inflammatory lesions including the identification of causative organism and atrophic changes.