Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth most common cause of cancer-related death in the world. 1 In September 2017, with the development of immunotherapy, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved anti-PD-1 antibody nivolumab as a second-line treatment scheme for patients with advanced HCC who had previously been treated with sorafenib 2 and achieved good curative effect, while more patients who received checkpoint blocker therapy could not achieve the ideal results. 3 Therefore, exploring the reasons for the poor efficacy of immune checkpoint therapy has become a hot spot in clinical HCC treatment. The discovery of novel intervention targets
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