Curcumin has been credited with a wide spectrum of pharmacological
properties for the prevention and treatment of several chronic diseases
such as arthritis, autoimmune diseases, cancer, cardiovascular diseases,
diabetes, hemoglobinopathies, hypertension, infectious diseases, inflammation,
metabolic syndrome, neurological diseases, obesity, and skin diseases.
However, due to its weak solubility and bioavailability, it has limited
potential as an oral medication. Numerous factors including low water
solubility, poor intestinal permeability, instability at alkaline
pH, and fast metabolism contribute to curcumin’s limited oral
bioavailability. In order to improve its oral bioavailability, different
formulation techniques such as coadministration with piperine, incorporation
into micelles, micro/nanoemulsions, nanoparticles, liposomes, solid
dispersions, spray drying, and noncovalent complex formation with
galactomannosides have been investigated with in vitro cell culture
models, in vivo animal models, and humans. In the current study, we
extensively reviewed clinical trials on various generations of curcumin
formulations and their safety and efficacy in the treatment of many
diseases. We also summarized the dose, duration, and mechanism of
action of these formulations. We have also critically reviewed the
advantages and limitations of each of these formulations compared
to various placebo and/or available standard care therapies for these
ailments. The highlighted integrative concept embodied in the development
of next-generation formulations helps to minimize bioavailability
and safety issues with least or no adverse side effects and the provisional
new dimensions presented in this direction may add value in the prevention
and cure of complex chronic diseases.
