Background: During the 21st century, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the greatest public health challenges worldwide. In the coming 20 years, health care systems may be unable to treat bacterial diseases efficiently due to this phenomenon. Objective: To determine the level of knowledge regarding AMR among patients attending two hospitals in Tabuk city in northeast Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at King Salman Armed Forces Hospital and King Khalid Armed Forces Hospital in Tabuk city. The study participants were selected from different outpatient departments using a simple random sampling technique. Data collection was performed using a self-reported questionnaire. All of the questions were closed-ended to facilitate study participation and were translated into Arabic. The data were entered into SPSS version 22 for Windows, cleaned and managed before analysis. Results: Our results showed that 26.85% of the respondents had knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance. Knowledge regarding the use of antibiotics for treating bacterial infection was good among participants (60%), but responses related to viral infection indicated confusion (23.06%), and misconceptions were observed. Several factors were significantly associated with knowledge regarding AMR among participants: 1) the use of antibiotics in the last year (OR: 2.102, CI: 0.654–6.754); 2) the discontinued use of antibiotics when feeling better (OR: 8.285, CI: 3.918–17.523); 3) giving antibiotics to friends or family members to treat the same illness ([False]: OR: 108.96, CI: 29.98–395.93) and 4) asking doctors to prescribe antibiotics that had been previously administered for the same symptoms (OR: 9.314, CI: 3.684–23.550). Conclusion: Our results revealed a very high unawareness of AMR and its contributing factors among the study participants. Thus, health education and awareness are highly and urgently recommended to address AMR in the Tabuk area.

Background Hypertension is a major global health concern affecting approximately 1.13 billion people worldwide, with most of them residing in developing countries. The aim of this study was to determine the incidence of different stages of hypertension and its associated modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors among patients in military-setting hospitals in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Methods This retrospective cohort study was conducted at two hospitals in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. The data were collected from hospital electronic records from 1 January 2019 to 31 December 2019. The blood pressure levels of patients from the last three separate medical visits were recorded. Descriptive statistics and multinomial logistic regression were used for the data analysis. Results The study included 884 hypertensive patients. The incidences of stage of elevated BP, stage 1, stage 2, and hypertension crisis were 60.0, 29.5, 7.0, and 3.5 cases per 1000 persons. Multivariate analysis indicated that progression from the stage of elevated blood pressure to hypertension crisis was significantly associated with advanced age (odds ratio [OR] = 3.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.99–8.42), male sex (OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 0.57–5.92), and a positive family history of hypertension (OR = 1.95, 95% CI: 1.23–3.09). Other key determinants of the development of stage of elevated blood pressure to hypertension crisis were current smoking status (OR = 1.74, 95% CI: 1.23–4.76), and physical inactivity (OR = 6.48, 95% CI: 2.46–9.14). Conclusion The incidence stage of elevated blood pressure was high among the patients investigated at armed forces hospitals in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. The logistic regression model proposed in the present study can be used to predict the development of different stages of hypertension. Age, sex, marital status, family history, smoking status, and physical activity play an important role in the development of hypertension. Better strategies to improve awareness, screening, treatment, and management of hypertension are required in Saudi Arabia.

The burden of type 2 diabetes (T2D) is high in Saudi Arabia, but data related to its complications are limited. This study aimed to determine the incidence of microvascular complications caused by T2D and evaluate the impact of the associated risk factors. Patients and Methods: This retrospective cohort study was conducted at two military hospitals in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. Data on the socio-demographics, glycaemic profile, blood lipid indices, duration of T2D, and associated microvascular complications were collected from electronic health records and medical files. Descriptive statistics and Cox proportional hazards models were used for data analysis. Results: This study included 1563 T2D patients. The incidence of microvascular complications was 34.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 32.0-36.6). Retinopathy was the most common complication (incidence=20.0%; 95% CI, 18.0-22.0%), while nephropathy was the least common complication (incidence=12.2%; 95% CI, 10.6-13.8%). Advanced age (≥65 years) showed the highest risk of retinopathy (Hazard ratios [HR], 2.86; 95% CI, 2.56-3.21), neuropathy (HR, 2.70; 95% CI, 2.40-3.05), and nephropathy (HR, 2.37; 95% CI, 2.12-2.64) compared with their counterparts. After adjusting for potential confounders, the study found that the significant risk factors for microvascular complications were longer duration (≥10 years) of T2D (

Autologous bone graft is one of the management solutions for saddle nose deformity. This helps from both functional and esthetic perspective. Several features of autologous graft specify the best material used to repair bony and cartilaginous nasal defects. This article describes a case of a female who presented with saddle nose deformity after incidental insertion of a button battery in her nostril during childhood which was followed by depressed nasal dorsum. It was managed with good outcomes by augmentation rhinoplasty using an iliac crest bone graft.

Spontaneous cerebro spinal fluid (CSF) otorrhea or temporal CSF leakage represents a difficult and serious condition to deal with, in term of its diagnosis, especially with intact drum, management and its sequalae if not treated or diagnosed. the clinical presentation, the types of leaks and which are the best approaches to repair it are reviewed. Optimized content for mobile and hand-held devicesHTML pages have been optimized of mobile and other hand-held devices (such as iPad, Kindle, iPod) for faster browsing speed. Click on [Mobile Full text] from Table of Contents page. This is simple HTML version for faster download on mobiles (if viewed on desktop, it will be automatically redirected to full HTML version)