Background Obesity is a known risk factor of colorectal cancer (CRC); however, the relationship between obesity and clinicopathologic characteristics and prognosis of CRC remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and clinicopathological and prognostic factors of CRC in Saudi Arabia. Method This was a retrospective cross-sectional study of patients with CRC diagnosed between 2014 and 2018 at King Abdulaziz University Hospital in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. BMI was calculated by dividing the patient's weight in kilograms by height in meter squared and was classified according to the World Health Organization criteria. Statistical tests, including analysis of variance and chi-square tests, were used to investigate the relationship of each BMI category with clinicopathologic (histological type, degree of differentiation, tumor location, and medical comorbidities) and prognostic variables (TNM stage, lymph nodes involvement, and lymph nodes yield). Results Of 233 patients who were included, 60.1% were male and 39.9% were female patients, with a mean age (standard deviation) of 58.8 ± 13.7 (range: 26-99) years. The median BMI was 26.5 kg/m 2. Overall, 3%, 34.3%, 33.0%, and 29.6% patients were classified as underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese, respectively. Furthermore, 57.1% (4/7), 39.2% (31/80), 38.7% (29/77), and 25.8% (17/69) of underweight, normal, overweight, and obese patients had Stage IV disease (p = 0.20). Of 16 patients with transverse colon cancer, 8 (50%) were obese (p = 0.38), and 1 (6%), 5 (31%), and 2 (13%) were underweight, normal weight, and overweight, respectively. Conclusion Underweight patients are more likely to present with metastatic CRC, while obese patients are more likely to present at earlier stages, although the difference was not statistically significant. BMI is not related to lymph node yield, histological type, or the degree of differentiation.

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Introduction: The main causes of worldwide increase in prevalence of type 2 diabetes are the daily consumption of excessive number of calories and sedentary lifestyle. Diabetes is usually accompanied by hypertension, lipid disorders and obesity that are considered as risk factors for developing diabetes. This study is designed to assess the benefit of a combined exercise programme (cardio “aerobic” and resistance) on HbA1c and the inflammatory markers (IL-6, and TNF) in type 2 diabetic (T2D) and non-diabetic (ND) subjects. Materials and methods: This is an interventional non randomized clinical trial conducted from 2016 to 2019 at exercise physiology laboratory at De Montfort University (DMU). Our target volunteers are T2D (HbA1c > 6.4), and ND (HbA1c < 5.8) with age group from 18-60 years old who are fit and able to do exercise. No restriction on weight. HbA1c, weight, BMI, waist and lung capacity were measured at baseline and at the 12th exercise session. In each exercise session the participant performed a combined exercise program consists of 30 min of resistance exercise followed by 20 min moderate cycling to be done twice a week for 6 weeks. Results: We enrolled 17 T2D intervention group 4 female and 13 male and 8 ND control group 5 female and 3 male. In both groups there was a significant reduction in HbA1c level after 6 weeks (P= 0.000). In T2D there were a significant weight reduction that decreased from (92.0± 4.3) to (90.0±4.5), (P< 0.001), BMI reduction that decreased from (30.8± 1.0) to (30.2± 0.9), (P< 0.001). In ND, the changes in weight reduction and BMI level were not significant. In T2D the changes in IL-6 level were only significant after the last exercise session. It was increased from 1.79±0.4 to 3.88±1.9 pg/ml (P=0.002), while it was not significant in ND group. In T2D and ND subjects, the changes in TNF level were insignificant. Conclusion: Development of combination exercise programs as a non-pharmacological intervention for diabetic and non-diabetic population are essential to decrease the prevalence of diabetes worldwide. In addition to conduction of public awareness events for proper implementation.

Our aim is to review the literature and, where appropriate, investigating subsequent antibiotic resistance in individuals prescribed antibiotics in primary care. Data sources are observational and experimental studies identified through Medline, Embase, and Cochrane searches. Review methods Electronic searches using MeSH terms and text words identified 4373 papers. Results The review included 24 studies, 22 involved patients with symptomatic infection and two involved healthy volunteers, 19 were observational studies (of which two were prospective) and five were randomised trials. The observations concluded that individuals prescribed an antibiotic in primary care for a respiratory or urinary infection develop bacterial resistance to that antibiotic.