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Background:Uropathogenic Escherichia coli O- Serogroups with their virulence factors are the most prevalent causes of UTIs.Objectives:The present investigation was performed to study the virulence factors and O-Serogroups profiles of UPEC isolated from Iranian pediatric patients.Patients and Methods:This cross sectional investigation was performed on 100 urine samples collected from hospitalized pediatrics of Baqiyatallah Hospital, Tehran, Iran. Midstream urine was collected to decrease potential bacterial, cellular and artifactual contamination. All samples were cultured and those with positive results were subjected to polymerase chain reactions to detect pap, cnf1, afa, sfa and hlyA genes and various O- Serogroups.Results:We found that 37.5% of boys and 75% of girls had positive results for Escherichia coli. We also found that O1 (19.33%), O2 (13.33%), O6 (13.33%), O4 (11.66%), and O18 (11.66 %) were the most commonly detected Serogroups. Totally, the serogroup of 5% of all strains were not detected. In addition, all of these O- Serogroups were pap+, cnf1+, hlyA+, and afa+. Totally, pap (70 %), cnf1 (56.66 %), and hlyA (43.33 %) were the most commonly detected virulence genes in the both studied groups of children. The sfa (30 %) and afa (26.66 %) genes had the lowest incidence rates.Conclusions:Special health care should be performed on UTIs management in Iranian pediatric patients. Extended researches should be performed to evaluate relation between other O-Serogroups and virulent genes.

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IMPORTANCE Exposure to tobacco-related content on social media may foster positive attitudes toward tobacco products and brands, and influence the likelihood of initiating or continuing use of tobacco, especially among adolescents and young adults.OBJECTIVE To perform the first systematic review and meta-analysis, to our knowledge, on studies that examined the association between exposure to tobacco content on social media and lifetime tobacco use, past 30-day tobacco use, and susceptibility to use tobacco among never users.DATA SOURCES Tobacco, social media, and marketing search terms were entered into online databases, including MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, Scopus, and PsychINFO. Study characteristics, including research design and methods, sampling strategy, and demographics, were assessed for each study.STUDY SELECTION Studies reporting odds ratios (ORs) for self-reported exposure to, or experimentally manipulated, tobacco content on social media and lifetime tobacco use, past 30-day tobacco, and susceptibility to use tobacco among never users. The systematic search produced 897 independent articles, of which 29 studies met inclusion criteria. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESISA 3-level random-effects meta-analysis was used to estimate ORs, 95% CIs, and heterogeneity (I 2 ) for each tobacco use outcome. Study quality and publication bias were assessed. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURESLifetime tobacco use, past 30-day tobacco use, and susceptibility to use tobacco among never users. Tobacco use included e-cigarettes, cigarettes, and other (cigar, hookah, smokeless tobacco). RESULTSThe total sample size across the 24 included datasets was 139 624, including 100 666 adolescents (72%), 20 710 young adults (15%), and 18 248 adults (13%). Participants who were exposed to tobacco content on social media, compared with those who were not exposed, had greater odds of reporting lifetime tobacco use (OR, 2.18; 95% CI, 1.54-3.08; I 2 = 94%), past 30-day tobacco use (OR, 2.19; 95% CI, 1.79-2.67; I 2 = 84%), and susceptibility to use tobacco among never users (OR, 2.08; 95% CI, 1.65-2.63; I 2 = 73%). Subgroup analyses showed similar associations for tobacco promotions, active engagement, passive engagement, lifetime exposure to tobacco content, exposure to tobacco content on more than 2 platforms, and exposure to tobacco content among adolescents and young adults.CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Findings suggest that a comprehensive strategy to reduce the amount of tobacco content on social media should be developed by federal regulators. Such actions may have downstream effects on adolescent and young adult exposure to protobacco content, and ultimately tobacco use behaviors.

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The risk of serious side-effects such as nephrotoxicity is the principal limitation of gentamicin (GEN) therapeutic efficacy. Oxidative stress is considered to be an important mediator of GEN-induced nephrotoxicity. The present study was designed to evaluate the efficacy of the combination of melatonin (MT) plus atorvastatin (ATO) against GEN-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. We utilized 30 male Wistar albino rats allocated in 5 groups, each containing 6 rats: control, GEN (100 mg/kg/day), ATO (10 mg/kg/day) + GEN, MT (20 mg/kg/day) + GEN, and ATO (10 mg/kg/day) plus MT (20 mg/kg/day) + GEN. Kidney weight, serum creatinine and urea concentration, renal ROS, MDA, GSH levels, SOD, and CAT activity were determined. GEN-induced nephrotoxicity was evidenced by marked elevations in serum urea and creatinine, kidney weight, renal ROS, and MDA levels and reduction in renal GSH level, SOD and CAT activity. MT pretreatment significantly lowered the elevated serum creatinine concentration, kidney weight, renal ROS and MDA levels. However ATO could not reduce these parameters, but similarly to MT, it was able to enhance the renal GSH level, CAT and SOD activity. In addition, a combination therapy of MT plus ATO enhanced the beneficial effects of ATO, while not changing the effects of MT effects or even improving them. The present study indicates that a combination therapy of MT plus ATO can attenuate renal injury in rats treated with GEN, possibly by reducing oxidative stress, and it seems that MT can enhance the beneficial effects of ATO.

Background Starting in 2019 policies restricting the availability of flavored e-cigarette products were proposed or implemented in the U.S. to curb vaping by youth. People took to Twitter to voice their opposition, referencing the phrase “Flavors Save Lives”. This study documented the emerging themes pertaining to “Flavors Saves Lives” over a 12-month period. Methods The study period was from May 1, 2019 to May 1, 2020. A stratified sampling procedure supplied 2500 tweets for analysis. Posts were classified by one or more of the following themes: 1) Political Referendum; 2) Institutional Distrust; 3) Individual Rights; 4) Misinformation; 5) THC Vaping is the Real Problem; 6) Smoking Cessation; 7) Adult Use; and 8) Not a Bot. The temporal pattern of tweets over the year was examined. Results Political Referendum (76.5%) and Institutional Distrust (31.3%) were the most prominent themes, followed by Not a Bot (11.0%), Individual Rights (10.4%), Adult Use (8.0%), Smoking Cessation (6.6%), Misinformation (5.9%), and THC Vaping is the Real Problem (3.5%). Total tweet frequencies increased in September 2019 and peaked in November 2019 before returning to relatively low numbers. Political Referendum and Institutional Distrust were consistently the most prevalent themes over time. Conclusion Twitter posts with the phrase “Flavors Save Lives” commonly discussed voting against political incumbents and mentioned distrust of government representatives. Findings demonstrated the possibility of near real time Twitter monitoring of public opposition to flavor bans. These data may be valuable for designing tobacco control information campaigns in the future.

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