The writing is aimed to know the management of marine resources related to the business of making objects of cargo ship sank in Indonesian waters. This is related to obligatory countries in meeting the public’s right to good environment as stated in Article 28 H of the Indonesia Constitution of 1945. In fact this is now the object-decision activity on cargo ship sank materials often done by a person or a foreign business entity that tried to search for treasure in Indonesia, this will be detrimental to objects of cultural heritage in Indonesia and can make damage or environmental pollution. Thus the need for government facilities that can control these activities, one means that governments use to control is through the permit retrieval objects loads up sink ships. The principle that should be applied in making the management of the objects sinking ship include: (i) legislation to permit, (ii) the issuance of permits, (iii) to permit law enforcement, and (iv) the responsibilities of government (publisher permission). Research and writing of this normative approach that starts from the legislation on marine resource management and licensing in the starter making objects cargo ship sank and regional governance. The results of this study will describe the relationship between objects permits retrieval of cargo ship sunk as a means to control the objects that fall into objects of cultural heritage and effort to of control pollution of the in marine environment in Indonesia.Keyword : license, law enforcement, government responsibility.
Auction basically adopts the characteristics of a sale and purchase agreement (1457 BW), where the elements of price and goods are important elements. The difference is that auctions require the presence of an Auction Officer, especially for execution auctions and mandatory non-execution auctions. The auction has special regulations (Lex Specialis) namely Vendu Reglement, Vendu Instructie, and PMK 213/PMK.06/2020 concerning Auction Implementation Guidelines. The implementation of online auctions is carried out through the e-Marketplace Auction Platform where the implementation is usually carried out without an auction officer, for example auctions on eBay. The purpose of this study was to determine the validity of voluntary non-execution auctions conducted online without auction officer and protection for parties who suffered losses due to default. This research is a legal research with a statute approach, conceptual approach, and case approach. The results of the research are the validity of online voluntary non-execution auctions in the absence of an auction officer is valid by adopting the characteristics of a sale and purchase agreement. And for the legal protection, parties can take legal remedies for dispute resolution by choosing a settlement either through courts, arbitration or other alternative dispute resolution (conventionally/ online) in accordance with the provisions of the legislation.Keywords: Online Auction; Default; Auction Officer.AbstrakLelang pada dasarnya mengadopsi karakteristik dari perjanjian jual beli (1457 BW), dimana unsur harga dan barang merupakan unsur penting. Perbedaannya adalah pada lelang mengharuskan kehadiran seorang Pejabat Lelang, terutama untuk lelang eksekusi dan lelang non eksekusi wajib. Lelang memiliki peraturan khusus (Lex Specialis) yaitu Vendu Reglement dan Vendu Instructie sebagai peraturan lelang yang masih berlaku hingga saat ini. Selain itu pelaksanaan lelang juga diatur dalam PMK 213/PMK.06/2020 tentang Petunjuk Pelaksanaan Lelang. Pelaksanaan lelang secara online dilakukan melalui Platform e-Marketplace Auction dimana pelaksanaannya biasa dilakukan tanpa pejabat lelang, contohnya lelang di eBay. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui keabsahan lelang non eksekusi sukarela yang dilakukan secara online tanpa pejabat lelang dan bagaimana perlindungan bagi para pihak yang mengalami kerugian akibat wanprestasi. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan konseptual, dan pendekatan kasus. Hasil penelitian yang didapatkan adalah keabsahan lelang non eksekusi sukarela secara online tanpa adanya pejabat lelang adalah sah dengan mengadopsi karakteristik perjanjian jual beli. Dan perlindungan bagi para pihak adalah dengan melakukan upaya hukum penyelesaian sengketa dengan memilih penyelesaian baik melalui pengadilan, arbitrase ataupun lembaga penyelesaian sengketa alternatif lainnya (secara konvensional/ online dispute resolution) sesuai dengan ketentuan Peraturan Perundang-undangan. Kata Kunci: Lelang Online; Wanprestasi; Pejabat Lelang.
AbstrakDi dalam praktik peradilan seringkali tuntutan pokok (petitum primair) disertai dengan tuntutan pengganti (petitum subsidair). Isi dari tuntutan itu berbunyi: ex aequo et bono atau mohon putusan berdasarkan keadilan dan kepatutan. Tujuan petitum ini agar apabila tuntutan primer ditolak masih ada kemungkinan dikabulkannya gugatan yang didasarkan atas kebebasan dari hakim serta keadilan, dalam putusan yang dijatuhkan oleh hakim. Dalam rangka menerapkan prinsip kebebasan hakim dalam mengadili dan memutus gugatan yang disertai petitum subsider, pertama, hakim perlu memperhatikan ketentuan di dalam Pasal 178 (2) HIR dan Pasal 67c UU No. 14 Tahun 1985, yang menentukan bahwa hakim wajib mengadili semua bagian tuntutan. Hakim dilarang mengesampingkan tuntutan, sehingga apabila melanggar ketentuan tersebut akan dapat dibatalkan dalam pemeriksaan banding, kasasi atau peninjauan kembali, yang dinilai onvoldoende gemotiveerd. Kedua, hakim juga perlu memperhatikan pengaturan Pasal 178 ayat (3) HIR, yang pada dasarnya untuk membatasi kebebasan hakim dalam memeriksa dan memutuskan perkara.Kata Kunci: Ultra Petita, ex aqequo et bono, putusan pengadilan.
Legal protection of consumer rights in essence is the role of the government to protect the interests of consumers in the framework of trade. Violation of consumer protection norms can only be enforced if business actors are willing to voluntarily fulfill consumer demands for the fulfillment of consumer rights that have been violated by business actors. However, if the business actor is not willing to carry it out voluntarily, while the consumer assumes that the business actor concerned has violated the consumer protection norms stipulated by the UUPK and is detrimental to the consumer, then the enforcement of the consumer protection norms can only be prosecuted through a dispute specified resolution process in the UUPK. The purpose of establishing the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) is to protect consumers and business actors by creating a consumer protection system that contains elements of legal certainty and information disclosure. This study is to analyze the implementation of consumer rights enforcement through the Consumer Dispute Resolution Board in order to increase the consumer satisfaction index, as well as to analyze the obstacles and barriers to consumer rights enforcement through the Consumer Dispute Resolution Board.
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