Vertisols is black and fertile soils, derived from various parent materials, dominated by smectite clay minerals, and charasterize by crack formation during dry season. Six soil profiles consisted of thirty two soil samples from dIfferent location were analyzed for their chemical and mineralogical composition at the laboratories of Soil Research Center for soil characteristics. Results indicate that the color matrix of Vertisols varies, hue range from 2.5Y to 10YR, color value varies from 2 to 6, and chroma range from 0 to 4. Clay mineral composition of Vertisols is dominated by smectite. Other clay minerals founded in the Vertisols are kaolinite, illite and vermiculite. The mineralogy composition of sand fraction is varies, some of them rich in weatherable minerals like andesine, amfibole, orthoclase, sanidin and the others are dominated by resistant minerals such as quartz and opaque. The mineralogical composition of Vertisols dependent on their parent material. The dominant cations in Vertisols are Ca ++ and Mg ++ . Vertisols from volcanic materials is dominated by Ca ++ and followed by Mg ++ cations, Vertisols from limestone is dominated by Ca ++ , while Vertisols from peridotite is dominated by Mg ++ . All of the Vertisols studied have a high cation exchange capacity with pH's range from 5.5 to 7.4. In using Vertisols for food plantation, should be consider the high content of Ca ++ , Mg ++ and the water management. The soils should be atleast always in moist condition, otherwise soils become very hard and cracks when dry.Key words: parent materials, smectite, Vertisols ABSTRAKVertisol adalah tanah hitam dan subur, dapat terbentuk dari berbagai macam bahan induk tanah, mineral liatnya didominasi oleh smektit, dan mempunyai sifat yang retak-retak bila kering. Enam profil tanah Vertisol dari lokasi dan bahan induk berbeda, yang terdiri dari 32 contoh tanah telah dianalisis sifat kimia dan komposisi mineralnya di Laboratorium Balai Penelitian Tanah untuk keperluan karakterisasi tanah. Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan bahwa warna tanah Vertisol bevariasi, dengan hue berkisar dari 2.5Y hingga 10YR, value bervariasi dari 2 hingga 6, dan kroma berkisar dari 0 hingga 4. Mineral liat didominasi oleh smektit, dengan sedikit kaolinit, illit atau vermikulit. Komposisi mineral fraksi pasir bervariasi, beberapa pedon (P2 dan P6) kaya akan kandungan mineral mudah lapuk seperti andesin, amfibol, orthoklas, sanidin, dan beberapa pedon lainnya didominasi oleh mineral resisten seperti kuarsa dan opak (P4 dan P5). Kation dapat ditukar yang mendominasi Vertisol sangat tergantung pada bahan induk tanahnya. Vertisol yang berasal dari bahan volkan didominasi oleh kation dapat tukar Ca ++ diikuti oleh Mg ++ , yang berasal dari batu gamping didominasi oleh Ca ++ , sedangkan yang berasal dari ultrabasa peridotit didominasi oleh Mg ++ . Nilai kapasitas tukar kation dari Vertisol tergolong tinggi hingga sangat tinggi dengan pH berkisar antara 5,5 hingga 7,4. Penggunaan tanah ini untuk pertanian harus memperhatikan tingginya kand...
The properties of iron oxide concentrates of Oxisols and Alfisols on volcanic tuff in West Java, Indonesia, were studied by XRD,TGA, TEM and chemical analysis.Goethite and hematite are the co-dominant iron oxides and are present in all samples. Iron content of the soils (dithionite-soluble Fe) ranges from 6.0 to 15.4%. Aluminium substitution in goethite and hematite ranges between 11 and 26 mol% and 0 and 9 mol% respectively. The Al substitution in hematite increases at about half the rate for goethite within the same samples. Crystal size of goethite and hematite was measured from line broadening of the 110 reflections and ranges between 7 and 18 nm for goethite with a mean value of 10 nm and between 7 and 28 nm for hematite with a mean value of 18 nm. The dehydroxylation temperature of goethite is in the range 290-320 �C and is linearly related to Al substitution by the equation y = 280 + 1.53x, (R(2) = 0.53). The goethite and hematite in these Indonesian soils are very similar to these minerals in tropical and Mediterranean soils from other regions.
Artisanal mining plays an important role in the Indonesia economy; however, it has created serious environmental destruction. The prohibition of artisanal mining is not a wise policy and never works. A more valuable strategy is to encourage artisanal mining; however, the associated poor health, safety, and environmental conditions must be improved. Therefore, effective rehabilitation of the environment post mining is essential. Phytoremediation is considered to be one method to achieve this rehabilitation. In this method, the interaction of plant roots with mycorrhiza is one of the key determinants of successful rehabilitation. A study to identify the indigenous mycorrhiza present in soil was carried out at an artisanal gold mining region at Sekotong, West Lombok, Indonesia. Soil samples were collected from the rhizosphere of a selection of indigenous plant species for the identification of the associated mycorrhizal fungi. Rhizosphere samples were collected from a normal agricultural soil as well as waste rock and mine tailings. The plants studied were Acassia sp, Gmelina arborea, Leucaena glauca, Tectonia grandis, Manihot utilissima, and Zea mays. There was an abundance of mycorrhizal fungi species associated with all observed plants, with the dominant genus being Glomus. The spore density varied from 77 -240 spores/100g in natural soils, with the percentage of infected roots varying from 10 to 40%, and decreasing as the soil was disturbed. Some of these mycorrhizal fungi showed a relatively good ability to grow in the heavy metal contaminated gold mine tailing.
Ultisols are a major group of marginal soils extensively found in the upland area of Indonesia. To better understand the potential of the Ultisols developed from claystone and sandstone in the Sasamba Integrated Economical Development Area in East Kalimantan, chemical and mineralogical characteristics of 27 Ultisols pedons consisting of 76 topsoil and 118 subsoil samples were investigated. Besides analysis and interpretation of data, relationships of several soil characteristics were constructed using simple regression. The results indicated that Ultisols showed acid to very acid reaction, had low content of organic matter and low base saturation. Soils generally exhibited net negative charge, and the point of zero charge was reached at pH 3.6. Both potential and available phosphates were low, and there was a trend that amorphous aluminum was responsible for phosphate fixation. The low content of exchangeable potassium in topsoil and subsoil indicated a positive correlation with potential potassium. Clay mineral was composed chiefly of kaolinite, with small amounts of illite, vermiculite, and quartz. The domination of kaolinite and low organic matter content causes the soils to have low cation exchange capacity. Soil management in this area should be focused on building up and maintaining soil fertility, and applying appropriate soil conservation techniques to minimize erosion. To obtain sustained productivity, various soil amendments including the use of farm and/or green manure, liming with agricultural lime, and application of rock phosphate and K fertilizers were highly recommended.
Kelimutu stratovolcano is one of the young volcanoes extensively found in Flores island. Studies on volcanic soil properties and their suitability for agricultural development in the whole island are lacking. The research was conducted to evaluate the relationship of elevation and soil properties, and suitability for agricultural development. Five representative pedons at elevation of 550, 1,000, 1,200, 1,400, and 1,600 m above sea level (asl), respectively, were studied in the field, and 22 soil samples were analyzed in the laboratory. The results indicated that elevation significantly affected soil properties and degree of soil weathering. With decreasing elevation, sand content, amorphous material content, and phosphate retention decreased. Concomitantly, clay content, H2O-pH, exchangeable Ca and Mg, base saturation, and soil-CEC increased. A highly positive correlation was shown between P retention and NaFpH, Al, and (Al+0.5 Fe) contents extracted by acid ammonium oxalate. Soil-CEC also showed significant positive correlation with clay and silt contents, organic carbon, and exchangeable Ca and Mg. Degree of weathering increased with decreasing elevation as reflected by decreasing silt/clay ratio. Soils developed from Entisols (Lithic Udorthents) at 1,600 m asl, to Andisols (Typic Hapludands) at 1,000-1,400 m asl, and Mollisols (Typic Hapludolls) at lower elevation down to 550 m asl. Soils at 1,400-1,600 m asl are unsuitable for agriculture. Soils at 1,000-1,200 m are moderately suitable for food crops, horticulture, and estate crops. Dominant limiting factors are steep slopes and P retention. Soils at 550 m asl are suitable for food and estate crops, and also lowland horticulture.
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