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The use of keystroke dynamics for user authentication has evolved over the years and has found its application in mobile phones. But the primary challenge with mobile phones is that they can be used in any position. Thus, it becomes critical to analyze the use of keystroke dynamics using the data collected in various typing positions. This research proposed a three-step authentication model that could be used to authenticate a user who is using the mobile in sitting, walking, and relaxing position. Furthermore, the mobile orientation (portrait and landscape) was considered while taking input from the user. Apart from using traditional keystroke features, accelerometer data were also combined for classification using Random Forest(RF) and K-Nearest Neighbour(KNN) classifiers. The three-step authentication method was able to authenticate a user with an EER of 2.9% for the relaxing landscape position. Finally, the model was optimized using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) to reduce the feature set and make the model more practical for mobile phones. Optimization helped to reduce the number of features from 55 to 17 and improved the EER to 2.2%. The research validated that relaxing and walking positions are the best positions to authenticate a user using keystroke dynamics.

The development of production automobiles involved vehicles that were propelled by internal combustion engines. Improvements in the internal combustion technology continue to take place even today. However, electric vehicles are slowly making way into the bigger picture. Development in autonomous vehicle technology is also gathering pace. Although there has been remarkable progress in this domain, much needs to be accomplished. Adoption of autonomous vehicle technology has multiple benefits. Autonomous car companies have spent large amount of resources on the development of autonomous vehicle technology, with an aim to fully commercialize the technology. Several issues cause hindrance to the achievement of this goal. These issues comprise technical, non-technical and legal challenges. The future of the technology is assuring and ambitious, however, the challenges must be overcome.

In the last decade, the vehicular ad-hoc network (VANET) field is growing drastically. In VANET the communication is the most important aspect through which the data transmission is taking place. Data transmission is maybe related to data in the form of multimedia messages, notifications, announcements, or some warning messages that are involved in VANETs. Data transmission among different vehicles would lead to an exchange of audio-video files in the formed network. These multimedia messages should be transmitted in the fraction of second as this network is built for temporary communication. Vehicles involved in this communication should be trustworthy otherwise other vehicles those who are part of this network would be misguided due to intruder present in the network. To achieve security and integrity in the constituted network, system has proposed the blockchain security environment as a part of this proposed system. Blockchain induces high-end communication in the ad-hoc network. It also enhances the overall security aspect of the constituted network. In this paper, we have proposed blockchain-based security system for vehicular communication that handles this communication securely in a well efficient manner. The performance of the proposed system will be measured based on parameters like end-to-end delay, reliability, and packet delivery ratio.

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