Background: HPV 16 is the primary etiologic agent of cervical cancer and the presence of L1 and E6 oncoproteins are largely responsible for its virulence. It was the objective of this study to identify HPV16 isolates from suspected cases of cervical cancer at Specialist Hospital Sokoto and Sir Yahaya Memorail Hospiatal Birnin Kebbi, Nigeria and also to identifypotent HPV16’s L1 protein inhibitor using in silico analysis. Methods: A total of 144 cervical samples consisting of 21 low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 6 high grade lesion and 117 negative pap smears were collected. The samples were subjected for molecular detection using PCR targeting E6 gene of the virus. Data generated for the molecular prevalence was statistically analyzed using Chi-square method. AutoDock Vina was used to carry out the molecular docking between 2hr5 and Chicoric acid, curcumin and Echinacoside. Results: Out of the 144 samples, 24 samples were positive for the PCR representing 16.9% molecular prevalence rate. There is statistically significant association between cyto-diagnoses and presence of HPV16 (P < 0.05). Docking analysis showed that the Chicoric acid components of Echinacea purpurae have strong binding affinity (-8.7 kcal/mol) to the L1 protein of the HPV. Conclusion: This study provides data on HPV 16 epidemiology in northern Nigeria, and also provides novel evidence for consideration on certain interacting residues, when synthesizing Anti-HPV compounds in the wet lab. Keywords: HPV; Echinacea purpurae; chicoric acid; echinacoside; curcumin.

Staphylococcus aureus is the most important human and animal pathogen responsible for a wide spectrum of morbidity and acute clinical infections, in addition to tenacious chronic forms of diseases. The pathogen sophisticated virulence, and its abilities to abate or elude the host immune responses by the myriad of processes makes it the most dreaded organisms, both in the communities, hospital setups and the dairy industries worldwide. S. aureus vaccines have revealed a significant challenge because of plentiful virulence physiognomies. For these reasons, numerous protein particles and several potent transporters of these proteins called adjuvants were proposed as ideal vaccines contrivances for the prevention of Staphylococcus aureus infections. Furthermore, for the formulation of these vaccine contraptions nascent technologies which include the Bioinformatics, Proteomics, Metagenomics, Metabolomics, Transcriptomics and Nanotechnology and its ability in the deliverance of vaccines in research are similarly advocated, an intact procedure employed for the evaluation of the vast proteins and genes that were disclosed by a microorganism is currently available. Likewise, existing are marvellous expectation in these burgeoning expertise in understanding the microbial and host affiliations. In view of this, the blossoming facts may perhaps tremendously assure to the headway of immunogenic vaccines as anti-Staphylococcus aureus contagions in both hominids and animals. This periodical highlights and explicates on the up-to-date eminence of mucosal and systemic immune responses by the application of Transcriptomics, Metabolomics, Metagenomics, Proteomics and Nanotechnology techniques for their prominence in the evaluation of refined proteins for use as systemic and mucosal immunogenic vaccines for forefending of Staphylococcus aureus contagions in goats, sheep and cattle.

Background The Human papillomavirus (HPV) causes sexually transmitted diseases. Among several types of HPV variants, HPV 16 is listed as a high-risk group, the primary cervical cancer etiologic agent, which causes life-threatening disease among women worldwide. The presence of L1, E6 and E7 encoded oncoproteins are largely responsible for virulence and pathogenicity that leads to cervical lesions. This menace is required to be curbed by designing an anti-cancerous drugs. The protein receptor-inhibitor interaction adopted using in silico analysis is very important in drug designing. It was the objective of this study to identify HPV16 isolates from suspected cases of cervical cancer at SH Sokoto and SYMH Birnin Kebbi hospitals and also to identify potent HPV16’s L1 protein inhibitor using in silico analysis of Echinacoside, curcumin and Cichoric acid against the viral protein. Methods A total of 140 cervical smear samples consisting of 21 low grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, 6 high grade lesion and 117 negative pap smears were collected. The samples were subjected for molecular detection using PCR targeting E6 and L1 genes of the virus. Positive samples were sequenced using Sanger sequencing platform. All the sequencing data were analysed using bioedit software while data generated for the molecular prevalence was statistically analyzed using Chi-square. A comprehensive HPV L1 protein homology model was designed to predict the L1 protein interaction mechanism with natural inhibitory molecules using a structural drug design approach. AutoDock Vina was used to carry out the molecular docking. Results Out of the 140 samples, 24 samples were positive for the PCR representing 16.7% molecular prevalence rate. There is statistically significant association between cyto-diagnoses and presence of HPV16 ( P ˂0.05). The highest prevalence rate of 12(50% of positive sample) was recorded among women between 30-39 years old. Docking analysis showed that the Chicoric acid components of Echinacea purpurae have strong binding affinity to the L1 protein of the HPV. Conclusion This study provides data on HPV 16 epidemiology in northern Nigeria, High-risk type 16 HPV variant was identified and also provides novel evidence for consideration on certain interacting residues, when synthesizing Anti-HPV compounds in the wet lab.

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