As pyrazole and isoxazole based derivatives are well-known for displaying a considerable biological profile, an attempt has been made to unravel their cytotoxic potential. In this context, a number of pyrazole/isoxazole linked arylcinnamide conjugates (15a-o and 21a-n) have been synthesized by employing a straight forward route. The basic structure comprised three ring scaffolds (A, B and C): methoxyphenyl rings as A and C rings and a five membered heterocyclic ring (pyrazole or isoxazole) as the B-ring. To achieve clear understanding, these derivatives are categorized as pyrazole-phenylcinnamides (PP) and isoxazole-phenylcinnamides (IP). These compounds have been evaluated for their ability to inhibit the growth of various human cancer cell lines such as HeLa, DU-145, A549 and MDA-MB231 and most of them exhibit considerable cytotoxic effects. Some of them like 15a, 15b, 15e, 15i and 15l exhibit promising cytotoxicity in HeLa cells (IC50 = 0.4, 1.8, 1.2, 2.7 and 1.7 μM). Amongst them 15a, 15b and 15e were taken up for detailed biological studies, they were found to arrest the cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. Moreover, they were investigated for their effect on the microtubular cytoskeletal system by using a tubulin polymerization assay, immunofluroscence and molecular docking studies; interestingly they demonstrate a significant inhibition of tubulin polymerization.
A new series of 2-arylaminobenzothiazole-arylpropenone conjugates -(-) was designed, synthesized and investigated for their cytotoxic potency against the various human cancer cell lines. Most of these conjugates exhibited cytotoxic activity and inhibited tubulin polymerization effectively. Conjugates and cause cell cycle blocks in the G2/M phase in HeLa cells and treatments with and manifested increased mRNA and protein levels of the G2/M marker, cyclin B1. Immunocytochemistry revealed loss of intact microtubule structure in cells treated with and . Western blot analysis revealed that these conjugates accumulate more tubulin in the soluble fraction. Moreover, the triggering of apoptotic cell death after mitotic arrest was investigated by studying their effect on Hoechst staining, mitochondrial membrane potential, ROS generation.
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