In this work, we have studied security features of Nepali currencies of denomination Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 of recent two series with the help of Video Spectral Comparator-6000. During examination, mostly ultraviolet, normal, transmitted and oblique light are used. We found nine different security features like fluorescence, water mark, micro text, security thread, intaglio print, see through registor, emboss, optically variable ink and latent image in this work. One feature, latent image is found to be completely removed in new series of both Rs. 500 and Rs. 1000 whereas new important security feature optically variable ink is introduced in new series of Rs. 500. Besides these two features, some are unchanged while some are modified.
The possibility of a broken time-reversal symmetry state (BTRS) of the ground state of a single Long Josephson Junction (LJJ) due to the presence of additional tunneling channels is investigated by using a microscopic model for two-gap superconductors. The consequence of this broken time reversal ground state is discussed.The ground state phase configuration was obtained by minimizing the free energy of the LJJ with respect to phase variables in the absence of an external magnetic field. The boundary conditions were obtained at the junction interface. Applying the boundary conditions, the conditions for time-reversal symmetry invariance (TRSI) state and BTRS state were obtained. The relative phase in the ground state was numerically calculated. The phase configuration of the ground state was determined from the free energy calculation as a functions of relative phases (χ , χ ) for different values of inter-band current and Josephson current. When the ground state corresponds to the BTRS, the relative phase constant δθ computed as a function of phase difference ϕ showed linearly dependence. The variation of current density J with the phase difference ϕ behaves as the sine-curve.
The main aim of this study is to introduce non-destructive method to distinguish different types of ink of same color. In our daily life, we face many problems of alteration of genuine documents. Such alteration is done by using same color of ink as used in the document. It is not possible to differentiate the altered part by our naked eyes. There are many methods, destructive as well as non-destructive methods, to solve the problem of alteration. We have discussed the non-destructive method using Video Spectral Comparator (VSC)-6000. Analysis is carried out with application of infra-red (IR) radiation of different wavelength and reflection spectra to reach the conclusion. Absorption of infra-red (IR) radiation is found very effective whereas use of reflection spectra is totally failed in this experiment.
BIBECHANA 19 (2022) 34-39
Writing cross stroke examination is one of the difficult and challenging problem in forensic document examination. In this work, we tried to find sequence of order in crossing printed and pen strokes. The study mainly deals with application of chromaticity diagram generated by Video Spectral Comparator (VSC)-6000. Chromaticity co-ordinates are generated from three different points of first, second and cross strokes. When two strokes cross each other, then surface on point of intersection corresponds to second stroke. So, we have started this work with the assumption that chromaticity co-ordinate (x,y) of the crossing stroke should be similar to that of second stroke. We perform our experiment in both homogeneous and heterogeneous crossing strokes. We repeat the same experiment five times by preparing different samples each time to establish more valid conclusion but we get positive and conclusive results only in the case of heterogeneous crossing strokes where printed stroke is above the pen strokes.
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