In this work, calcium oxide (CaO) extracted from eggshell impregnated with magnetite (Fe 3 O 4 ) is prepared successfully and it had been applied on transesterification of palm oil off-grade. Prior experiment, the eggshells material are powdered and calcined at 900 • C then impregnated with Fe 3 O 4 and recalcined. The obtained Fe 3 O 4 /CaO catalyst is characterized using X-ray diffraction and Braunaeur-Emmet-Teller (BET) surface area. The influence of various parameters including recalcined time and temperature are investigated. The prepared catalyst is tested for transesterification of palm oil off-grade to produce biodiesel in which the optimal conditions of a methanol/palm oil off-grade molar ratio of 10:1, the catalyst weight of 6%, the reaction temperature of 70 • C, and the reaction time of 2 h. The transesterification product was analyzed using GC-MS, which showed the biodiesel yield of 90% at the recalcined temperature of 600 • C and reaction time of 2 h. It has been noted that the catalyst activity is achieved when the moderate recalcination temperature is applied and the disordered structure of the catalyst is maintained. This study also confirms that CaO impregnated with Fe 3 O 4 could be a solid catalyst for the biodiesel synthesis through transesterification reaction of palm oil off-grade.Catalysts 2020, 10, 164 2 of 13 this issue, several countries have successfully implemented some renewables from bioenergy, including biogas, biodiesel, and bioethanol [2][3][4][5]. On the other sides, some countries have also successfully generated the electrical power from renewable energy resources, such as geothermal, waves, hydro, wind, and solar energy [6][7][8][9][10]. However, there are some weak points resulted while the renewable energy is used, such as it is unstable, only available for certain periods, and therefore, its required the energy storage devices such as battery. However, the energy storage capacity of batteries is very limited, and for this reason some scientists are attempting to discover another type of energy storage materials that can store significant amount of energy [11][12][13].Calcium is one of the most abundant metals on earth. It can be mostly found as an ion in seawater [14], as well as geothermal hot springs [15][16][17][18]. It can be also found as an oxide in limestone and fossilized remnant sites [14]. However, in order to obtain the calcium from these resources is required the natural resource exploitation that is often given negative impact to environment. Considering the environmental safety, an alternative way has been used to produce calcium source, namely it produce from some renewable resources which are available abundantly in nature, such as egg shell material wastes, because the egg shell well known as a natural material contained lots of calcium oxide [19]. As fact, the eggshell waste has been an abundant wastes in environment either come from egg consumption or the food industries. The waste materials are interesting to use as eco-friendly material to produce CaO ...
Waste is a wasted or intentionally disposed material derived from the results of human and natural activities that do not have economic value. Pekanbaru city is one of the city that does not escape from garbage problem. The waste management of Pekanbaru City includes the final collection, collection, transportation, processing and disposal. Current waste management has not solved the problem optimally. The concept of waste management conducted by urban community Pekanbaru at this time mostly only tn the conte.xt of transporting waste from waste sources to landfills (FPA) which then will have an impact on the environment and health around the TPS are supported also with the behavior of people who are still mixing between dry waste and wet garbage. Type of research is done by qualitative approach with descriptive method Based on field facts with data collection techniques include observation, interviews, docwnentation studies related to research objectives. This research uses Hartono theory which mentions 5 stages of the applied process, namely prevent, reuse, recycle, capture energy and waste. The informant of this research is the administrative staff of Garbage Management Sector Pekanbaru City, Section Head of Solid Waste Management of Domestic Riau Province, and Chairman of Swadaya Masyarakat "Tarai Mandiri". For the purpose of this research is to analyze the waste management of Pekanbaru City and to know the factors - factors that influence waste management Pekanbaru City. The results of research conducted by researchers can be concluded that waste management Pekanbaru not yet maximal, this is based on the concept of waste management that is still not running optimally to change the old waste management concept to the new management concept using 3R concept (reduce, reuse and recycle) conducted by the government. This is influenced by the lack of public awareness and kuranngnya infrastructure facilities as a tool in the process of waste management
This study originally tried to examine the influence of ecological, economic and social factors on the implementation of an environmental management system by taking a case study in heavy industry from a shipyard in Batam Indonesia with reference to ISO 14001: 2015 Environmental Management System (EMS) standards. EMS is a framework that helps companies to manage the environmental impacts that arise from their activities. According to Law No. 32/2009, EMS includes policies on the arrangement, utilization, development, maintenance, recovery, supervision and control of the environment. The method used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM), with a survey method by distributing questionnaires to respondents who know the work of the shipyard industry and the implementation of environmental management systems in this heavy industry. The study results show that economic and social factors have a positive effect on the application of ISO 14001 environmental management systems in Heavy Industries in Indonesia. These findings indicate the importance of applying ISO 14001 in heavy industry, in particular, and the importance of considering various ecological, social and economic conditions of the company in such implementation.
Contemporarily, Indonesia and Malaysia are the largest contributors of crude palm oil (CPO) in the world by up to 40%, and 37.3%, respectively. Furthermore, its production value this year reached 19.7 million tons, where each generates 2.5 m3 of wastewater. Meanwhile, of all the provinces in Indonesia specifically, Riau is the largest supplier for exports by up to 38%, generated from 225 palm oil mills, where a total of 6.3 million tons resulting in the generation of about 15.75 million m3 of wastewater, with organic content between the range of 30,000-60,000 mg COD/l. In addition, one of the uses of this wastewater includes anaerobic processes, with the double benefit of reducing COD concentrations, subsequently applying it as fertilizer, and also in the production of methane gas, as an alternative source of energy. The purpose of this study, therefore, is to observe the effect of bioreactor volume, scale-up on the performance of anaerobic hybrid bioreactors, in the treatment of mill effluents. The technology examined in this study was the anaerobic hybrid bioreactor with the dimensions of length 22 m, width 10 m, and depth 1.5 m, and a total volume of 330 m3, which is impermeable to oxygen, and a 250 m3 effective working volume. This was built and operated at a hydraulic retention time of 1 day, in the Palm Oil Mill of Riau, and the results showed the environmental conditions to range from a pH of 7.2 to 8.0, with temperatures from 320C to 350C, acetic acid of 774 mg/l to 1,180 mg/l, and alkalinity of 2,149 mg/l up to 2,400 mg/l. Furthermore, the performance of these reactors are shown by the highest COD removal efficiency of 77.8%, and a biogas test for the propensity of being applied as an alternative energy source obtained a methane gas concentration of 54%. Keywords: anaerobic, bioreactor, biogas, wastewater, performance, palm oil mill effluent
Abstrak Morfologi dan properti campuran (blend) karet alam jenis SIR-20/polypropylene (NR/PP) yang divulkanisasi dinamik dalam internal mixer telah dipelajari. Blend dibuat dengan rasio berat NR/PP 10/90, 20/80, 50/50, 60/40
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