Background: Surgical site infections (SSIs) are a major public health problem worldwide and the second-most frequently reported type of nosocomial infection. The presence of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB) in the hospital environment is significantly associated with SSIs. As such, this study aimed to explore the rate, antibiotic profile and common sources of bacteria in SSI. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted between August 2018 and July 2019 in three surgical centers in Kalar city, Kurdistan region, Iraq. A total of 512 patients, who underwent surgery were followed up with for superficial incisional SSI. Pre-, intra- and postoperative swabs were collected from patients and the surrounding hospital environment and processed for isolation and identification of GNB by microbiological and molecular methods. The isolates were typed by sequencing and tested for antibiotic resistance using the disc-diffusion technique. Results: SSI developed in 113 (22.07%) of the patients studied. GNB were involved in 48 (9.38%) cases; among these, Klebsiella spp. were the predominant cause 21/48 (43.75%), followed by Escherichia coli 14/48 (29.17%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 7/48 (14.58%), Enterobacter spp. 3/48 (6.25%) and A. baumannii 2/48 (4.17%). Citrobacter koseri showed the lowest rate of infection 1/48 (2.08%). Sequencing analysis and the antibacterial resistance profile revealed that 25 (74.28%) of the 48 SSI isolates were from the hospital environment, whereas the rest were exogenous, with an undetermined source. The involved GNB were highly resistant to most antibiotics tested. Conclusion: SSIs caused by GNB were mostly exogenous or from the hospital environment, not from endogenous sources. All of the bacterial isolates detected from SSI patients were multidrug resistant. Highlights
To evaluate the incidence of immunocompetence, including cell-mediated and antibody fitness, among survivors of the chemical bombardment of Halabja in the Kurdistan region of Iraq, forty exposed and forty unexposed subjects regarded as controls were studied to determine their immune system status 12 years after bombardment. Skin reactivity to tuberculin, D.T.P. vaccine, T.T toxoid and measles vaccine was negative in 62.5% of the exposed cases in compare to unexposed persons who showed no negative reactions 0%. The total leukocyte count was normal among 70% of exposed cases, whereas the total lymphocyte count was within sub-normal ranges in 80% of exposed cases. All the subjects displaying negative skin reactions had sub- normal lymphocyte counts, which reflect impaired cell-mediated immunity. The immunoglobulin assay for exposed cases revealed sub-normal values for IgG (12.5%) and IgA (52.5%), while the IgM level was above the normal range in 22.5% of cases when compared to that of controls that showed no abnormal values. This result revealed that there was a deficiency in antibody-mediated immunity. There were significant differences between the exposed and the control samples with respect to total leukocytes (p = 11× 10-5), neutrophil count (p = 0.88 × 10-3), lymphocyte count (p = 0.0), IgG (p = 0. 74 × 10-10) and IgA (p = 0. 1 × 10-10). The immunological reactions were more closely related to the effects of mustard gas, which appeared to be long lasting.
To evaluate the risk of bacterial contamination and the penetrability of some pathogens through the shell, light brown fertile and brown infertile eggs were subjected to microbiological analyses. The benefit of using 70% ethanol as a proposed disinfectant was assessed also. Non disinfected infertile eggs showed higher contamination with both aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, anaerobic were higher (shells: 8.7.x 102, albumen: 0.28 x 102, yolk: 0.97 x 102 cfu/gm or ml). Disinfecation reduced contamination on shells (for fertile eggs: 85.1% aerobic and 54.4% anaerobic bacteria, for infertile: 65% aerobic and 47.7% anaerobic bacteria). There was no reduction in interior components but the isolation of bacteria from interior components mav belong to a contamination prior to disinfection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa showed higher penetrability when tested artificially in all types of eggs followed by Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus cwreus and Escherichia coli respectively regardless whether eggs were disinfected or not. Fertite and intèrtile eggs of Sulaimani poultries were within permissive hygienic quality.
Volumes of crude cell free filtrate and steps of partial purified phospholipase C were prepared from non-toxigenic bacilhis cereus isolate. Also concentraions of highly purifed preparation (ICN) was used. Prophylaxis against greater than LD50 thrombopastin (0.0612mg/mouse) revealed recovery of mice with 97% 100% and 97% for cell free filtrate, haemolysin cured and sephadex cluted phospholipase C respectively with no significant differences among injection time intervals while the pure preparation recovered 97% mice with a significant differences among time intervals. Treatment by post thrombosis induction revealed that cell ree filtrate, partial purification steps and the highly purified phospholipase C recoverd 98% mice with no significant differneces among injection time intercals. The haematological parameters PCV, RBC count and platelet count remained within normal range after 12 hours of injection, These results suggested the possibility of using partially purified and highly purified phospholipase C as prophylactiv agent against infarction in man.
A crude resinous exudate from Pistacia lentiscus related Pistacia khinjuk tree distributed in Kurdistan mountains has been used focally in curing some lesions including burns. The preparation solved in 50% ethanol and diluted by distilled water was appeared to have antibacterial activity. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the resin by well diffusion agar for Staphylococcus aureus was 50 pg/ml and with no effect on P. aeruginosa. By dilution broth method, MIC was 125 pg/ml for S. aureus and 500 pg/ml for P. aeruginosa .The killing effect against P. aeruginosa occurs also by the solvent 50% ethanol which revealed that resin has no effect on this species. The minimum bactericidal concentration was the same of MIC for both species. The effect of resin was not belonged to phenol only that the MIC of phenol by well diffusion agar was lower than resin for S. aureus.
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