Dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is a fundamental enzyme in producing the precursor of purines and pyrimidines for biosynthesis of DNA, RNA and amino acids at various stages. It is considered the key target for both anticancer and antimicrobial drug design. Terminalia chebula has unique phytoconstituents which are employed broadly in the development of medications against different diseases. It has been established that Terminalia chebula fruit could be used as therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. The aim of study was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of T. chebula fruit extract against DHFR enzyme activity and assessment the antioxidant and scavenging activity of T. chebula fruit extract, using DPPH and reducing activity tests Terminalia chebula fruits where extracted. The anti- DHFR enzyme activity was assessed in vitro for the four extracts of Terminalia chebula fruit and MTX. Phytochemical analysis of screening test, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was done for the extract with highest biological activity. Antioxidant and radical scavenging activity of the extract with highest biological activity were evaluated via DPPH [1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl] and reductive ability test. The percent of DHFR inhibiting activity for the cold methanolic extract was the highest and it was higher than that of MTX (96.0±1.4% vs. 89.0±1.1%, respectively), therefore, it was selected for the proceeding assay. Phytochemical analysis showed that the cold methanolic extract of T. chebula, showed a positive reaction for alkaloids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, steroids and saponins. Besides, GC-MS analysis showed the presence of pyrogallol compound, while HPLC analysis recorded 3 major peaks with different retention times that were semi-identical to gallic acid, rutin and quercetin standard. The highest radical scavenging activity of T.chebula cold methanolic extract and ascorbic acid according to DPPH were (80.1±2.04% and 85.83±2.1%, respectively) at the maximum studied concentration (200μg/ml), where the activity of ascorbic acid was significantly higher (p≤0.05) than that of T.chebula. Meanwhile, the reductive ability of the cold extract was significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) than that of vitamin E (0.72±0.15 and 0.41±0.08, respectively) at the maximum studied concentration (250μg/ml). These results suggesting the cold extract of Terminalia chebula has in vitro prominent anti-dihydrofolate reductase activity which is better than that of MTX.
Hepatocellular proliferation is one of the most common causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), a type of cancer that is widely distributed disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma treatment has numerous barriers, including ineffectiveness, side effects, and drug resistance to currently available treatments. Previous studies showed that a high intake of Brassica vegetables has been associated to a decreased risk of a number of malignancies. The aim of this study is the evaluation of antiproliferative activity of Brassica nigra seeds extract in mice exposed to phenobarbital. Brassica nigra seeds where extracted; phytochemical analysis of the extract was done that including phytochemical screening tests and Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. Antiproliferative activity of hydro alcoholic Brassica seeds extract has been studied by 800mg/kg and compare with control group (given normal saline), phenobarbital group (Phenobarbital 75mg/kg) and combination group (Brassica extract 800mg/kg+ Phenobarbital 75mg/kg). The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of isothiocynate compound. Histologically phenobarbital induced severe hepatocellular proliferation (hyperplasia and hypertrophy), glass ground cytoplasm, while Brassica seeds extract produce improvement in histopathological changes that include mild scattered proliferation picture and eosinophilic cytoplasm. In comparison to phenobarbital group, Combination groups pretreated with Brassica nigra seeds for 14 days and phenobarbital for 7 days caused significant reduction relative liver weight and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) Brassica nigra seeds extract have isothiocynate as main compound it showed antiproliferative action on the liver tissue, implying that it may have a promising effect in minimizing the risk of liver cancer.
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