As neurological complications associated with COVID-19 keep unfolding, the number of cases with COVID-19-associated de novo movement disorders is rising. Although no clear pathomechanistic explanation is provided yet, the growing number of these cases is somewhat alarming. This review gathers information from 64 reports of de novo movement disorders developing after/during infection with SARS-CoV-2. Three new cases with myoclonus occurring shortly after a COVID-19 infection are also presented. Treatment resulted in partial to complete recovery in all three cases. Although the overall percentage of COVID-19 patients who develop movement disorders is marginal, explanations on a probable causal link have been suggested by numerous reports; most commonly involving immune-mediated and postinfectious and less frequently hypoxic-associated and ischemic-related pathways. The current body of evidence points myoclonus and ataxia out as the most frequent movement disorders occurring in COVID-19 patients. Some cases of tremor, chorea, and hypokinetic-rigid syndrome have also been observed in association with COVID-19. In particular, parkinsonism may be of dual concern in the setting of COVID-19; some have linked viral infections with Parkinson’s disease (PD) based on results from cerebrospinal fluid analyses, and PD is speculated to impact the outcome of COVID-19 in patients negatively. In conclusion, the present paper reviewed the demographic, clinical, and treatment-associated information on de novo movement disorders in COVID-19 patients in detail; it also underlined the higher incidence of myoclonus and ataxia associated with COVID-19 than other movement disorders.
Anti‐glutamic acid decarboxylase (Anti‐GAD) are associated with various neurologic condition; but no meningitis has been reported with it, so far. Evidence demonstrates the associated of autoimmune meningoencephalitis with COVID‐19 infection. Here, we report a 44‐year‐old female with progressive loss of consciousness with anti‐GAD65 meningoencephalitis 1 month after COVID‐19 infection.
After two years of spreading SARS-CoV-2, a well-known virus with respiratory symptoms, the economy, society, and public health were greatly affected. COVID-19 might be life-threatening, and it causes post-infection problems such as neurological complications, which have been reported globally.This virus appears to affect adults more than children, and even neurological complications in adults have been reported more frequently. Although the number of post-COVID neurological problems is rising due to growing cases of COVID-19, there is still a shortage of information about post-COVID-19 movement disorders in young adults and children.Studies suggested that nonspecific neurological conditions such as fatigue, headache, myalgia, and weakness are the most common problems in children affected by COVID-19, and specific neurological complications are uncommon in young adults after recovery from COVID-19. However, these children are at risk of developing seizures, meningeal signs, and encephalopathy, with variable severity. 1 There are also some reports of children with encephalitis 2,3 and acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) 4,5 post-COVID-19 infection.Even though ataxia following SARS-CoV-2 infection is reported in adults, [6][7][8] there are just two case reports of APCA after COVID-19 before age 18. 9,10 Ataxia is usually a cerebellar disorder with an acute or chronic presentation. As we mentioned before, ACA is generally a childhood disorder and mostly presents after a recent febrile illness.Herein, we present an immunocompetent young male with acute onset of vertigo and cerebellar ataxia, following coronavirus infection.
Key Clinical Message
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder is an autoimmune disease which tends to have other coexisting autoimmune or connective tissue diseases. However, coexisting with ankylosing spondylitis is rare. Here, we report a 57‐year‐old man with concomitant autoantibodies against aquaporin 4‐positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder and HLA‐B27‐positive ankylosing spondylitis.
Anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase(Anti-GAD) are associated with various
neurologic condition; but, no meningitis has been reported with it, so
far. Evidence demonstrates the associated of autoimmune
meningoencephalitis with Covid-19 infection. Here we report a
44-year-old female with progressive loss of consciousness with
anti-GAD65 meningoencephalitis after Covid-19 infection.
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