BackgroundA natural carbohydrate biopolymer was extracted from the agricultural biomass waste (durian seed). Subsequently, the crude biopolymer was purified by using the saturated barium hydroxide to minimize the impurities. Finally, the effect of different drying techniques on the flow characteristics and functional properties of the purified biopolymer was investigated. The present study elucidated the main functional characteristics such as flow characteristics, water- and oil-holding capacity, solubility, and foaming capacity.ResultsIn most cases except for oven drying, the bulk density decreased, thus increasing the porosity. This might be attributed to the increase in the inter-particle voids of smaller sized particles with larger contact surface areas per unit volume. The current study revealed that oven-dried gum and freeze-dried gum had the highest and lowest compressibility index, thus indicating the weakest and strongest flowability among all samples. In the present work, the freeze-dried gum showed the lowest angle of repose, bulk, tapped and true density. This indicates the highest porosity degree of freeze dried gum among dried seed gums. It also exhibited the highest solubility, and foaming capacity thus providing the most desirable functional properties and flow characteristics among all drying techniques.ConclusionThe present study revealed that freeze drying among all drying techniques provided the most desirable functional properties and flow characteristics for durian seed gum.
Water-in-oil-in-water (W 1 /O/W 2) double emulsion is one of the most efficient drug delivery systems. In the double emulsion, the release of a target compound from one phase to another can be controlled by the emulsion composition, emulsification and preparation condition. Tween 80 is mainly used as a high HLB emulsifier; while it may cause many side effects on the human health. The main goal of the present study was to investigate the efficiency of a new hybrid polymer (pectin-pea protein isolate conjugate) as a potential alternative for Tween 80. In this study, the efficiency of different types and concentrations of hydrophilic emulsifier (i.e. Tween 80, native pectin and pectin-PPI conjugate) and hydrophobic emulsifier (i.e. PGPR) on the release behavior of Tartrazine as a marker and other characteristics of W 1 /O/W 2 double emulsion were investigated. The double emulsion containing 2% pectin-PPI conjugate and 2% PGPR had proper encapsulation stability (37.05%). Conversely, the sample stabilized with Tween 80 (2%) and PGPR (either 2% or 5%) had relatively poor encapsulation stability after one-month storage (8.97% and 6.35%, respectively). In most cases, the double emulsion stabilized with pectin-PPI conjugate provided stronger encapsulation properties, smaller droplets, and higher zeta potential than other emulsions containing the native pectin and Tween 80. The current study reveals that the pectin-PPI conjugate (3:1) can be used a proper replacer for Tween 80 in stabilizing the double emulsion. The application of pectin-PPI conjugate in the double emulsion led to reduce the percentage of PGPR in the formulation, providing safer product.
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