Aplastic anemia (AA) is an autoimmune disorder characterized by bone marrow and peripheral blood pancytopenia. Different environmental and genetical conditions could be effective in an outbreak of this disease. The exact pathogenesis of this disease, however, is still idiopathic. The present study is based on Pubmed database information (2002–2021) using the words “Aplastic Anemia,” “Hematopoietic Stem Cells niche,” “Signaling pathway,” “Cytokines,” and “Immuno cells.” In this disease, both hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stromal cells are impaired, which is associated with impaired hematopoiesis and decreased hematopoietic cells. Inflammatory cytokines increase, which changes the ratio of T lymphocytes and leads to disease progression. In addition, the most common mechanism of AA is damage by the immune system, which leads to increased apoptosis in progenitor cells. We have shown in this review that the disease involves quantitative defects in stem cell numbers and qualitative abnormalities in the function of these cells and the activity of many different cellular and molecular factors can damage hematopoietic cells and the protective substrate of these cells in this disease.
Tumor markers are a group of molecules used to diagnose certain diseases, including cancer. These molecules can alter cellular pathways, including those associated with some anemias, by expressing or influencing certain cellular mediators. The present study is based on data obtained from the PubMed database (1970-2019) using the key words 'tumor markers', 'anemia' and 'iron'. We found that some tumor markers can affect hepcidin expression and iron uptake by altering cell pathways. Several other tumor markers also increase in some anemias, so that they can sometimes be used to diagnose and confirm the type of anemia. The role of some tumor markers remains unclear despite the increase in some anemias. In general, some tumor markers are involved in the pathophysiology of a number of anemias or help diagnose anemia. However, studies of the role of tumor markers in the diagnosis, development or progression of anemias have been very limited.
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