Biological aging or senescence is a course in which cellular function decreases over a period of time and is a consequence of altered signaling mechanisms that are triggered in stressed cells leading to cell damage. Aging is among the principal risk factors for many chronic illnesses such as cancer, cardiovascular disorders, and neurodegenerative diseases. Taking this into account, targeting fundamental aging mechanisms therapeutically may effectively impact numerous chronic illnesses. Selecting ideal therapeutic options in order to hinder the process of aging and decelerate the progression of age-related diseases is valuable. Along therapeutic options, life style modifications may well render the process of aging. The process of aging is affected by alteration in many cellular and signaling pathways amid which mTOR, SIRT1, and AMPK pathways are the most emphasized. Herein, we have discussed the mechanisms of aging focusing mainly on the mentioned pathways as well as the role of inflammation and autophagy in aging. Moreover, drugs and natural products with antiaging properties are discussed in detail.
Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are considered as suitable delivery vehicles considering their unique characteristics. Various physicochemical characteristics of MSNs govern their pharmacokinetic parameters which affect the disposition of these nanoparticles in the body. Along with the advantages of MSNs, the toxicity of nanoparticles entering the body is a major concern. Various factors such as particle size, surface charge, route of administration, etc., may affect organ toxicity of MSNs. The main target organs involved in the metabolism and elimination of MSNs are the kidney and the liver as well as the hematopoietic system. In this review, we first introduced the physicochemical characteristics of MSNs which affect the pharmacokinetic properties including drug absorption and bio-distribution. Thereafter, we discussed the mechanisms by which organ toxicity may occur. In this regard, the effects of various factors on organ-based MSNs toxicities and molecular mechanisms have been summarized. At last, we emphasized on the role of the physicochemical parameters on organ-based toxicities, and the proposed approaches to prevent or at least diminish MSN-related toxicities are discussed in detail.
The Latin word lupus, meaning wolf, was in the medical literature prior to the 1200s to describe skin lesions that devour flesh, and the resources available to physicians to help people were limited. The present text reviews the ethnobotanical and pharmacological aspects of medicinal plants and purified molecules from natural sources with efficacy against lupus conditions. Among these molecules are artemisinin and its derivatives, antroquinonol, baicalin, curcumin, emodin, mangiferin, salvianolic acid A, triptolide, the total glycosides of paeony (TGP), and other supplements such as fatty acids and vitamins. In addition, medicinal plants, herbal remedies, mushrooms, and fungi that have been investigated for their effects on different lupus conditions through clinical trials, in vivo, in vitro, or in silico studies are reviewed. A special emphasis was placed on clinical trials, active phytochemicals, and their mechanisms of action. This review can be helpful for researchers in designing new goal-oriented studies. It can also help practitioners gain insight into recent updates on supplements that might help patients suffering from lupus conditions.
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